2001考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2001 Text 1
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1、Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. 专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断积累这个问题所做出的反应。
1.1 specialization英/,spe??la?'zen/ 美/,spl?'ze??n/n. 专门化；特殊化；特化作用
1.2 accumulation英/?kju?mj?'le??(?)n/ 美/?,kj?mj?'le??n/n. 积聚，累积；堆积物
2、By split ting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. 通过将学科细化成小单元，人们能够继续处理这些不断积累的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。
2.1 split英/spl?t/ 美/spl?t/n. 劈开；裂缝adj. 劈开的vt. 分离；使分离；劈开；离开；分解vi. 离开；被劈开；断绝关系
3、But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。Paragraph 2
1、No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. 在科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。
1.1 clear-cut英/'kli?'k?t/ 美/'kli?'k?t/adj. 清晰的；轮廓鲜明的
1.2 amateur英/??m?t?(r)/美/'?m?.t??r/n. 爱好者；业余爱好者；外行adj. 业余的；外行的
2、Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. 但是“业余”这个词的确有含义：那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家体，特别是，他可能并不完全认同这个体的价值观。
研讨会英文
2.1 carry a connotation有某种含义
2.2 integrated英/'?nt?gre?t?d/ 美/'?nt?ɡret?d/adj. 综合的；完整的；互相协调的v. 整合；使…成整体（integrate的过去分词）
2.3 integrate英/'?nt?gre?t/ 美/'?nt?ɡret/n. 一体化；集成体adj. 整合的；完全的vi. 求积分；取消隔离；成为一体vt. 使…完整；使…成整体；求…的积分；表示…的总和
3、The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. 19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。
4、The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.这一趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出，英国地质学的发展可以说明这一问题。
4.1 illustrate 英/'?l?stre?t/ 美/'?l?stret/vi. 举例vt. 阐明，举例说明；图解
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1、A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply
an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. 把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比较，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性越来越受到强调，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断地发生变化。
2、Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. 因此，在19世纪，局部的地质学研究本身就代表了一种有价值的科研；而到了2
0世纪，局部的研究只有在包含或考虑到更广阔的地质面貌时才越来越被专业人员接受。另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。
2.1 local英/'l??k(?)l/ 美/?lo?kl/n. [计] 局部；当地居民；本地新闻adj. 当地的；局部的；地方性的；乡土的
2.2 incorporate英/?n'k??p?re?t/ 美/in'k?:p?reit, in'k?:p?r?t/vt. 包含，吸收；体现；把……合并adj. 合并的；一体化的；组成公司的vi. 合并；混合；组成公司
3、The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. 结果是，业余人员更难在专业地质刊物上发表论文。这种结果因为评审制度的引入表现得更突出。开始是19世纪国家级杂志的引入，后来是20世纪数家地方地质杂志的引入。
3.1 reinforce英/ri??n'f??s/ 美/,ri?n'f?rs/n. 加强；加固物；加固材料vt. 加强，加固；强化；补充vi. 求援；得到增援；给予更多的支持
3.2 widespread英/?w??dspr?d/ 美/?w??dspr?d/adj. 普遍的，广泛的；分布广的
3.3 refereeing n. 裁判；审稿工作v. 为…作鉴定；为…担任裁判（referee的ing形式）
4、As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. 这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和
业余读者的不同杂志。
5、A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
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1、Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. 虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中己经开始形成，但是它的效果却延迟到20世纪才充分显示出来。
2、In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckon ed as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 然而，从科学这个整体来看，I9世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。
2.1 reckon英/'rek(?)n/ 美/'r?k?n/vi. 估计；计算；猜想，料想vt. 测算，估计；认为；计算