v.ing形式(动名词和现在分词)
Ⅰ时态与语态
⒈动名：具有动词和名词的特征
①一般式：表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后
Children enjoy watching TV.
Excuse me for interrupting you.
②完成式：表示的动作在谓语动词的动作之前
I don’t remember having ever seen the film.我不记得曾经看过这部电影。
当动名词逻辑主语是动名词所表示动作的对象时，用被动：
He came in without being asked. I didn’t mind being left at home.
但want, need, deserve, require后用动名词表被动，形容词worth…
My watch needs repairing (to be repaired).
The film is worth seeing.
⒉现在分词：保留动词的特征
①一般式：表泛指时间所表示的动作通常是一般性动作，不明确地说明发生在过去、现在和将来的动作；与谓语动词同时发生；在谓语动词之前；在谓语动词之后。
Being careless is not a good habit, whatever you do.
Following the teacher, we walked into the lab.
Thank you for giving us so much help last time.
Most doctors strongly insist on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercise.
②完成式：在谓语动词之前已经完成。
I’m very pleased at your having been honored with a medal.
被动式表示一个被动的动作，这个动作通常是正在进行的，或是与谓语动词同时发生的。That building being repaired is our dormitory.
Being asked to put on a performance, she refuse.
Having been given such a good chance, how could you let it slip away.
⒈动名词：动名词在句中起名词的作用，可单独或构成短语做主语、表语、宾语、介词的宾语或定语。用于禁令性语言，常见于公共标语。No smoking/parking/spitting.
①作主语：往往表示一种概念、习惯或经验。常用it作形式主语。
Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer.
It’s fun playing with children.
Reading aloud is important in learning a language.
Playing football is my favorite sport.
句型a. It is a./n. +doing
It is no use crying over the spilt milk.覆水难收。
It’s nice working with you.
句型b. There is no +doing sth.== It is impossible to do…
There is no joking on this matter.这事可开不得玩笑。
There is no saying what may happen.说不准将会发生什么事。
There is no holding back the wheel of history.历史的车轮不可阻挡。
在essential, important, necessary等后面不用动名词。
【注：动名词与不定式作主语时区别】
动名词强调抽象的或一般的情况，而不定式更强调个别，表示某次的动作。
It’s important for me to learn English well.
Learning English well is important.(泛指一般情况)
To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.
②作表语
My favorites sport is swimming.
Her job is teaching English.
必须用动名词作宾语的动词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, advise, consider, deny, enjoy, require, postpone, delay, practise, fancy 想象、设想, excuse, pardon, miss(错过)
I am very sorry I missed seeing you while in Shanghai.
I suggested trying it in a different way.
【下列结构也可以用动名词（少数句型）】
I found it useless (no use) arguing about it.
Do you consider it any good trying again.
permit/allow/advise/forbid sb. to do sth.
doing sth.
They don’t allow smoking here.
Her parents don’t allow her to stay out late.
【能接动名词的短语：】
think of, dream of, hear of, prevent…form, keep…from, stop…from, look forward to, excuse…for, set about开始做, feel like想要, depend on, be engaged in从事于，忙于, get/be used to, be tired of, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be fond of, be good at, be afraid of, prefer…to, spend…in, devote…to, persist in（坚持、执意）, insist on（坚持要，强调）, for the purpose of (为了…目的), in case of (假使), instead of（代替）, for fear of（以免）, be busy(in), lose no time (in)（立即做…）, spend time/money (in), have trouble /difficulty/a problem/a struggle/a good time/a hard time (in)…
He is good at playing volleyball. Excuse me for being late.
We walked on tiptoe for fear of waking the baby.
④作定语
表被修饰的名词的性能，译为“供做…用”，动名词所修饰的名词不能充当它的逻辑主语。
There is a swimming pool in our school.
His father works in a printing shop.
His way of looking at things is better. 动名词与介词一起构成短语作定语。
She has a great skill at telling stories.
【动名词作定语例子：】
carving knife雕刻刀, dressing table梳妆台, drinking water饮用水, fishing rod钓竿, flying suit 飞行服, freezing point冰点, frying pan煎锅, meeting place会场, operating table手术台, reading materials阅读材料, reading room阅览室, sewing machine缝纫机, sleeping pills, washing machine洗衣机, waiting room候车室, working method工作方法, writing table写字台, walking stick手杖, sleeping car卧车。
⑤动名词的复合结构
a. 物主代词或名词所有格+ doing 可作主、宾
The problem is your relying too much on others.
Mary’s complaining annoyed him.
We are looking forward to Jenny’s visiting.
b. 如果不在句子开头，动名词的复合结构可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格），这比用所有格更自然
I d on’t mind Tom (him) coming. 汤姆（他）来，我不在意。
Is there any hope of Xiao Li passing the exam?小李有没有通过考试的希望？
c. 如果动名词逻辑上的主语是无生命的东西，就只能用普通格，不能用所有格。
Is there any hope of our team winning the game.
d. 代词宾格+动名词结构：在下列句子中，代词和动名词都是直接宾语，所以代词必须用宾格。
Pardon me speaking bluntly.请恕我直言。
She forgave him saying so.她原谅了他这么说。
⒉现在分词
现在分词在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、宾补、状语等成分。
①作表语：表主语的性质和特征，意思是“令人…的”，相当于一个形容词的用法，前可加very，一般跟在系动词be, get, become, look, sound, feel, keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等后面。
The story sounds interesting.
②作宾语
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.
③作宾补
在see, hear, notice..等表示感官和心理状态的动词后作宾补
They kept me waiting for a long time.
The man left us standing alone, unable to find any help.
（作宾补的句子如改为被动句，则宾补变为主补
Y our children should not be kept working hard at their homework all the time.）
④作定语
如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，相当于一个定语从句。
China is one of the developing countries.
Last night he told us a touching story.
The girl standing there (who is standing there) is my sister.
现在分词表示它所修饰的名词正在进行或经常性的动作或当时的状态；可以表示所修饰名词的性质。
running water= water that is running 流水，活水
suggest的名词a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡着的孩子
a barking dog正在狂吠的狗，boiling water正开着的水，the changing world变化着的世界，the rising sun正在升起的太阳，the setting sun正在落山的太阳，an interesting storybook。
有时单个现在分词作定语时，也必须置于它所修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定从或它已与其前面的名词构成一种固定的搭配：
This is Smith speaking.(电话用语)
There is nothing doing.不行。（nothing doing固定词组，表示拒绝）
Let’s start for the time being.(for the time being固定词组，现在)
We’ve had rains for 10 days running.(running常置于表示时间的名词后表“连续的”)
现在分词还可以做非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），它和句子的其它部分用逗号分开，常可译成并列句。
Tom, arriving late, was not permitted to enter the classroom.汤姆来迟了，不许进教室。