⾼中英语语法――⾮谓语动词
⼀、⾮谓语动词的概念
动词的基本⽤法是作谓语。当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能⽤⾮谓语形式了。⾮谓语形式有三种：1、动词不定式：to do 2、动词的ing : doing 3、动词的过去分词：done
⼆、三种形式的含义（基本⽤法）
不定式：表⽰⽬的和将来；动词的ing：表⽰主动和进⾏；过去分词：表⽰被动和完成。
在⾮谓语动词前加not, never. 即not / never to do, not / never doing
五、⾮谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构：for / of sb. to do sth.
动词ing 形式的复合结构：宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，⽤的所有格＋doing)
六、⾮谓语动词的做题步骤
1、判定是否⽤⾮谓语形式。⽅法：看看句⼦中是否已有了谓语动词了
2、⾮谓语动词的逻辑主语。⽅法：⾮谓语动词的逻辑主语⼀般是句⼦的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。⽅法：⾮谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。⽅法：分析句⼦，看看⾮谓语动词所表⽰的动作发⽣在谓语动作之前、之后还是
同时。之前常⽤done; 之后常⽤to do; 同时常⽤doing.
学习⾮谓语形式时，建议把三种形式⼀起来⽐较学习，会更加有效⼀些。
⼀、⾮谓语动词作主语和表语的⽐较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表⽰⼀次性的、具体的动词。动词ing 常表⽰⼀般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。如：
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
suggest的名词A. The walk
B. Walking
C. To walk
D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗⽰泛指⼀般的⾏为，⽤动名词作主语，选 B
b. 不定式作主语时，常⽤it 作形式主语，即⽤句型：It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意：下⾯⼏个句型是⽤动名词：
It’s no good / use doing sth.
It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的⽐较
1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表⽰主语的内容。如：
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do.（主表语要⽤同⼀种形式）
2、分词作表语
记住：⼀些表⽰情感、情绪的动词，常⽤分词形式作表语。现在分词表⽰主语的性质特征，⽤过去分词表
⽰主语的状态。常⽤动词：surprise (使某⼈吃惊)，surprising (令⼈吃惊)，surprised (主语)感到吃惊）类似动词有：excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)，disappoint (失望)，move（感动），如：The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3、在seem / appear (似乎，好像)，prove/ turn out (被证明是)，remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，
可⽤不定式作表语。如：He seemed (to be ) very happy.
Having a trip abroad is good for the old couple, but it remains ______ whether they will enjoy it. (to be seen)
⼆、不定式、动名词作宾语的⽐较
1、只能接不定式的动词：
1）（想要）want, would like, would prefer,ask, demand, intend, desire,
2）(希望)wish, hope, expect,
3）（决定）agree, dec ide, manage, promise, choose, continue, plan, prepare, make up one’s mind, try one’s best, offer, apply,
4）happen, learn, fail, pretend, refuse, afford
2、只能接动名词的动词：
suggest, advise(建议), finish, mind(介意)，enjoy (喜欢)，appreciate (鉴赏，感激)，forbid禁⽌），avoid (避免)，can’t help doing (忍不住)，risk (冒险)，feel like (想要)，delay, put off （推迟），give up (放弃)，be busy (忙于)，be worth (值
得)，practise (反复练习)，
3、接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词：
remember to do 记得去做，remember doing 记得做过
forget to do 忘记去做，forget doing 忘记做过了
regret to do 遗憾去做，regret doing 后悔做过
try to do 设法去做，try doing 试着做
go on to do 接着做另⼀件事，go on doing 继续做同⼀件事
mean to do 打算做，mean doing 意味着做
stop to do 停下来去做，stop doing 停⽌做
cant help (to) do 不能帮助做，can’t help doing 忍不住做
如：In some parts of London, missing a bus means ____ for another hour.
A. waiting
C. wait
D. to be waiting
4、表⽰未实现的愿望的动词，即表⽰本打算、想做，但事实上没做
这些动词plan, intend, mean, want, hope, wish, expect , ⽤had planned to do sth. / planned to have done 来表⽰。Would like / love 只⽤would like to have done
如：I would love _____ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish the report.
A. to go
B. to have gone
C. going
D. having gone
5、要接动名词的⼏个句型
prevent / stop / keep sb. / sth from doing …(阻⽌…做)
spend / waste time / money in doing sth. 在…花费或浪费时间或钱
how about / what about doing …怎么样？
have some difficulty / trouble / problems in doing 在做…有困难
have a hard / good time in doing 做… 很艰难或做…很愉快
There is no sense / point in doing 做…没意义
6、含介词to 的短语
look forward to 盼望，devote…to 致⼒于、献⾝于，be / get used to 习惯于，lead to 导致，get down to 着⼿做，pay attention to 注意，refer to 谈到，所指，参考，equal to 等于，能胜任，belong to 属于如：Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to ___ some school for poor children.
A. set up
B. setting up
C. have set up
D. having set up
7、介词but （除了）后接不定式：
如：have no choice but to do sth.没有别的选择只好做…
但当but 前有形为动词do 时，but 后的不定式省to. 如：
Sandy could do nothing but ____ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit
B. admitted
C. admitting
D. to admit
8．permit / allow (允许)，advise (建议)，forbid (禁⽌)，有两种⽤法：⼀是后接动名词，⼆是后接“sb. + to do sth”
9、need, want, require 意为“需要”，主语是物时，⽤句型：
need, want, require + doing（⽤动词ing 主动形式表被动意义）
三、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补⾜语的⽐较
1、不定式作宾语补⾜语，如：ask sb to do sth (sb作宾语，to do sth作宾补，宾语＋宾补＝复合宾语)
类似动词有：invite, tell, want, encourage, advise, order, require, force, beg, cause, allow, permit, forbid（禁⽌）, warn（警告）, remind, teach, call on (号召)，depend on (指望)，would like / love (想要)，prefer, wish, expect, (hope 不带复合宾语)注：help sb (to) do sth.
2、使役动词后接不带to的不定式
let / make / have sb do sth. 但使役动词的被动语态常⽤：be made to do sth.
注：get sb to do sth. 也译成“让某⼈做…
Though he had often made his little sister ____, today he was made ____ by his little sister.
A. cry, to cry
B. crying, crying
C. cry, cry
D. to cry, cry
3、感官动词后作宾补的⾮谓语形式
感官动词：feel, see, hear, watch, notice
句型：感官动词＋sb + do / doing / done (分别表⽰全过程、正在发⽣、被动完成)
1) They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
A. grow
B. grew
C. was growing
D. to grow
2) The missing boy was last seen ____ near the river.
A. playing
B. to be playing
C. play
D. to play
4、with 的复合结构：with +宾+宾补。作宾补的词可以是：形容词、副词（in, out），介词短语，⾮谓
语形式）。With 的复合结构的宾补中的⾮谓语形式to do 表⽰将来，doing 表⽰主动和进⾏，done表⽰被动和完成。
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back.
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
5、have 句型：have sb do sth, have sb/ sth doing, have sb /sth done
have sth done 表⽰两种意义：请别⼈做，⽽不是主语做；意外事故引起的。
如：He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch ______.
B. repaired
C. repairing
D. repair
6、find + 宾语+ 宾补（doing / done）, keep +宾+doing, catch sb + doing (撞见某⼈在做)，smell sb +doing (察觉到某⼈在做) He looked around and caught a man ____ his hand into the pocket of a passager.
A. put
B. to be putting
C. to put
D. putting
7、表⽰“认为”的think, believe, consider, judge 等，常⽤句型：think sb (to be )+ adj. / n. , be considered to have done sth. 被认为已做了某事
8、make oneself understood / heard / known , 即⽤了过去分词作作宾补
9、句型It is said / reported / thought / known that…. 可变成：sb / sth be said / reported to have done sth.
如：Robert is said ___ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in.
A. to have studied
B. to study
C. to be studying
D. to have been studying
四、不定式、现在分词、过去分词作状语的⽐较
1、不定式作⽬的、原因、结果状语
1）作⽬的状语：有三种形式，可互换：to do, in order to do, so as to do (不⽤于句⾸)
2）原因：不定式常放在表⽰情绪反应的形容词后。如：happy, sorry, glad, sad, surpried, disappointed. 不定式不放在句⾸。如：I am sorry to hear that your father is ill.
3) 结果：常⽤only to do…来表⽰末曾预料到或令⼈不快的情况，其动作发⽣在谓语动作之后。另外固定结构：too… to do, enough to do, so / such… as to do 中，不定式也作结果状语。
4）在形容词后作状语，只⽤不定式如：
a. The book is easy to read. (=It is easy to read the book.)
b. We find the lake safe to swim in. (注意尾介词)
2、现在分词、过去分词可作时间、条件、让步、⽅式、原因、结果状语，就不作⽬的状语。注：表⽰时间、条件或让步的分词，有时可带上连词（if, unless, when, while, once（⼀旦）though, although）1）_____ time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.
A. Having given
B. To give
C. Giving
D. Given
1）I won’t attend his wedding _____ .
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