英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例):
一般时 | 进行时 | 完成时 | 完成进行时 | |
现在 | study studies | am studying is studying are studying | have studied has studied | have been studying has been studying |
过去 | studied | was studying were studying | had studied | had been studying |
将来 | shall study will study | shall be studying will be studying | shall have studied will have studied | shall have been studying will have been studying |
过去将来 | should study would study | should be studying would be studying | should have studied would have studied | should have been studying would have been studying |
一. 一般现在时 用法:
A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。B) 习惯用语。C) 经常性、习惯性动作。D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持主句、从句时态一致。
E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。)
How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?)
F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事情。 时间状语:
always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month„), once a week, on Sundays, etc. 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①am/is/are+not;②此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为
第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。
一般疑问句:①把be动词放于句首;②用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。
二. 一般过去时 用法:
A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。
B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month„), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构:①be动词;②行为动词
否定形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①
was或were放于句首;②用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词。
三. 一般将来时:
概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year„),soon, in a few minutes, by„,the day after tomorrow, etc.
基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
③、be to do ④ be about to ⑤、一般现在时表将来 ⑥、现在进行时表将来。 否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。 分别用法:
A) 基本结构是will / shall do。
例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift. B) 有些动词,如:arri
ve, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于现在进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。
例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。)
C) 表示“打算去„„,要„„”时,可用be going to do。 例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。)
D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you. E) "be to do" 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。 F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。 例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points. 例:2005年6月大学四级第65题
I was ___ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 注意事项:
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。)
四、 现在进行时(be doing)
概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构:am/is/are+doing 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
五、过去进行时:用法:
A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。 例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。)
B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。
例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)
时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 基本结构:was/were+doing 否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。
六、将来进行时(will be doing) 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红的T恤衫和一条白的短裙。)句子结构:主语+will be+doing/主语+be going to+be+doing
时间状语:soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening.
I will be studying English when you arrive tonight. 明晚你来的时候,我会正在学习英语. I’m going to be studying English when you arrive tonight.
七、现在完成时(have done) 用法:
A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。
B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。 注意事项
现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。 时间状语:recently, lately, since„for„,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构:have/has + done 否定形式:
英语时态总结have/has + not +d one. 一般疑问句:have或has。
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