动词概述、助动词和情态动词
7.0 动词概述
7.1 动词的种类
7.1.1 根据功能分类
根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：
实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。见表7.1。
表7.1 动词的分类
类别 | 特点 | 用法 | 举例 |
实义动词 | 及物动词(vt.) 后跟宾语 | 后接宾语表达整体意思 | She has a nice dress. |
不及物动词(vi.) 其后不能直接接宾语 | 可独立作谓语 | He comes late everyday. | |
系动词 | 后跟表语 | 不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思 | They are doctors. |
助动词 | 后接动词原形或分词（无词汇意义） | 不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态 | I don’t like his way of living. |
情态动词 | 后接动词原形（有自己的词汇意思） | 不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化 | You must go to school on time. |
7.1.2 根据与主语的限定关系分类
根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类：限定动词(Finite Verb)和非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)。
1) She sings very well. 她唱得很好。
(sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
2) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。
(to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。)
英语中共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
7.1.3 根据动词的组成形式分类
根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类：单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)。
1) The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词)
2) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词)
学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词)
3) The young ought to take care of the old.
年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语)
7.1.4 按动词的形式分类
按动词的形式可以分为:谓语动词和非谓语动词。
1、谓语动词
表7.2 谓语动词
形式 | 用法 | 举例 |
人称 | 与主语在人称一致 | I am washing now. 第一人称 |
数 | 与主语在数上一致 | He sings well. 第三人称单数 |
时态 | 表示动作发生的时间 | He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态 |
语态 | 主语是动作的发生者或者承受者 | We study English. 主动 The room was filled with newspapers. 被动 |
语气 | 说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等 | He has gone to America. 事实 I wish I could swim like a fish. 愿望 |
2、非谓语动词
表7.3 非谓语动词
形式 | 意义 | 用途 | 举例 | |
不定式 | 起形容词和名词作用 | 可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语 | It takes me 20 minutes to go home. | |
动名词 | 起名词作用 recycle是什么意思 | 作主语和宾语 | She likes singing. | |
分词 | 现在分词 | 起形容词、副词作用，表主动 | 作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语 | The window is broken. |
过去分词 | 起形容词、副词作用，表被动 | The door was broken by him. | ||
7.1.5动词的五种形态
原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Person)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
7.2 助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。
7.2.1 助动词be的用法
1. be + 现在分词，构成进行时态。如：
1) They are watching TV. 他们正在看电视。（现在进行时）
2) English was becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。（过去进行时）
2) English was becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。（过去进行时）
2. be + 过去分词，构成被动语态。如：
3) The apple was eaten by Lucy. 苹果被露西吃了。
4) English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
1) He is to go to London next week. 他下周要去伦敦。
2) We are to wash ourselves. 我们要洗澡了。
2) We are to wash ourselves. 我们要洗澡了。
这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
2. 表示命令。例如：
3) You are to reach a conclusion. 对此你要做出总结。
4) He is to come to the classroom. 要他今天下午来教室。
3 表示相约、商定。例如：
4) He is to come to the classroom. 要他今天下午来教室。
3 表示相约、商定。例如：
5) We are to meet at the school gate at eight next Friday. 我们下周五8点在校门口集合。
7.2.2 助动词have的用法
1) He has finished homework. 他已完成了作业。（现在完成时）
2) By the end of last year, they had finished half of their work.
去年末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。（过去完成时）
2) By the end of last year, they had finished half of their work.
去年末为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。（过去完成时）
2. have + been + 现在分词，构成完成进行时。例如：
3) She has been looking for her mother for five years.
五年来，她一直在寻她的妈妈。（现在完成进行时）
五年来，她一直在寻她的妈妈。（现在完成进行时）
3. have + been + 过去分词，构成完成式被动语态。例如：
4) The present has been sent to her.
礼物已经寄给她了。
礼物已经寄给她了。
7.2.3 助动词do 的用法
1. 构成一般疑问句。例如：
1) Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗？
2) Did you go shopping? 你去购物了吗？
2) Did you go shopping? 你去购物了吗？
2. do + not 构成否定句。例如：
3) I do not want to join your party. 我不想参加你们的聚会。
3. 构成否定祈使句。例如：
4) Don’t stay there！不要呆在那里！
4. 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气。例如：
5) Do wait for me. 一定要等着我。
5. 用于倒装句。例如：
6) Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
6. 用作代动词。例如：
7) --Do you believe him? --Yes, I do.
—你相信他吗？ —是的，我相信。
1. 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。
2. 引导倒装句的副词常见的有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
7.2.3 助动词shall和will
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如：
1) I shall work harder. 我将更加勤奋工作。
2) He will return. 他要回来了。
2) He will return. 他要回来了。
在传统语法中，shall用于第一人称，will 用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词。
7.2.4 助动词should和would
1. should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时。例如：
1) I want to know what I should do next. 我想知道下一步我该做什么。
2. would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称。
2) She said she would leave for Shanghai. 她说她要去上海。
Multiple choice
1. If it is fine tomorrow, we ______ a football match.
A. have B. will have C. has D. shall has
2. When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise
3. In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist
2. When he was at school, he ______ early and take a walk before breakfast.
A. will rise B. shall rise C. should rise D. would rise
3. In the past 30 years China ______ great advances in the socialist revolution and socialist
construction.
A. has made B. have made C. had made D. having made
4. I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
A. don’t/had B. didn’t/have C. didn’t/had D. don’t/have
5. ______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
A. Do/have come B. Did/will have come C. Does/will come D. Do/will have come
6. He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
A. was running B. was running C. were running D. is running
7. No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
A. has/was asked B. have/were asked C. had/is asked D. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May
9. There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they can’t all D. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He _____________it.”
A. mustn’t attend B. cannot have attended
4. I ______ go to bed until I ______ finished my work.
A. don’t/had B. didn’t/have C. didn’t/had D. don’t/have
5. ______ you think he ______ back by dinner time?
A. Do/have come B. Did/will have come C. Does/will come D. Do/will have come
6. He said that he dropped his bag when he ______ for the bus.
A. was running B. was running C. were running D. is running
7. No sooner ______ he arrived home than he ______ to start on another journey.
A. has/was asked B. have/were asked C. had/is asked D. had/was asked
8.“______ you give me a room for the night?” I asked on arriving at the hotel.
A. Should B. Can C. Might D. May
9. There are nine of them, so ______ get into the car at the same time.
A. they may not at all B. all they may not C. they can’t all D. all they can’t
10.“We didn’t see him at the lecture yesterday.” “He _____________it.”
A. mustn’t attend B. cannot have attended
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