▲ 完成时态的构成
句型 时态 医疗保险制度 | 主系表 | 主谓宾 |
现在完成 | have (has) been | have (has) done |
过去完成 | had been | had done |
将来完成 | will have been | will have done |
过去将来完成 | would have been | would have done |
▲ 现在完成时态的基本用法
1. 表示一个过去发生的动作对现在产生的结果和影响。
应该明确现在完成时态属于现在时态的范畴。它所强调的不是过去发生的动作，而是对现在产生的结果和影响。否则用一般过去时态就够了。请看下面的对话。
● A－We will send some one to America.
我们要派一个人去美国。
B－I have been there.
= I was there and I know the country very well. Would you send me there?
C－I have not been there.
= I didn’t go to America. It is my turn.
上面对话的前提是大家都抢着去美国。所以B用现在完成时态是想说明自己有经验，派他去好。而C用现在完成时态是说自己没去过，轮也该轮到他了。两句都是强调对现在产生的影响。反过来，如果大家现在的目的不同，“对现在的影响”也可以不同。
Did you have lunch?
Have you had lunch?
Did you study English?
Have you studied English?
Laochang died?
Laochang has died?
Who was here?
Who has been here?
Have you done your homework
2. 表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在。
通常用于持续性较强的动词，例如：live, study, wait for, be等等，并且常常与since, for连用，since给出的是过去的一个时间点，如since 1958, 而for往往给出的是一个时间段，如for three years。
● He has studied English for eight years.
● Since 1980, they have known each other.
╳ His father 瑞士旅游图片has died for three years.
●His father has been dead for three years.
第一句是错的。“死”这个动作不可能延续。但一种状态却可以延续。第二句用主系表句型是对的。
▲ 过去完成时态，将来完成时态和过去将来完成时态
学习完成时态应注意，所有完成时态在“态”的概念上是一样的，现在完成时态、过去完成时态、将来完成时态、过去将来完成时态所不同的只是时间上的概念。所以我们只要掌握现在完成时态，然后在时间上向过去推便是过去完成时态，向将来推便是将来完成时态。
3完成时态在主从句中的用法
完成时态除上面讲到的两种基本用法之外，在主从句中通常可以用来表示主句与从句动作发生的先后次序。
●Do you know he has finished his homework?
现在完成时态“has finished”表示发生在一般现在时态“know”之前。
●I heard he had bought a new car.
过去完成时态“had bought”表示发生在过去时态“heard”之前。
现在完成时态“have had supper”强调吃过饭之后，即强调从句动作发生在主句之前。从上面几个例句可以看出，在主从句中现在完成时态往往表示发生在另一个现在时态的动作之前，而过去完成时态则表示发生在另一个过去时态的动作之前。请注意下面的例句：
以上简单地介绍了在主从句中完成时态的用法。请同学们在做练习时多加注意。
一、完成下列句子。
1. He said （他从未去过西藏Tibet）.
2. （他从未给我写过信）since he left Beijing.
3. He said （他下月底就不用我的照相机了camera大提琴好学吗）.
4. I hope （雨会在明天中午前停下来）.
5. By the end of that year （他已集了一千多张中国邮票）.
6. I really don’t know （他是否已经到了实验室laboratory）.
7. The boy knows that he must be braver and firmer
（在他经历了这样的事情之后）.
8. I could not remember whether （他已经付了字典钱）.
9. I’m afraid I （到时还没有到正确的答案）.
10. Don’t worry. Before I get home I （就会把这件事全忘光的）.
二、完成下列句子。
1．He said that he had never been to Tibet.（他从未去过西藏Tibet）.
2． He hasn’t written to me（他从未给我写过信）since he left 卡通女孩头像Beijing.
3．He said that he would have done with (have used) my camera by the end of next month.（他下月底就不用我的照相机了camera）.
4．I hope that the rain will have stopped by tomorrow noon.（雨会在明天中午前停下来）.
5．By the end of that year he had collected more than a thousand Chinese stamps.（他已集了一千多张中国邮票）.
6．I really don’t know whether he has got to the laboratory or not.他是否已经到了实验室laboratory）.
7．The boy knows that he must be braver and firmer after he has experienced such a thing.（在他经历了这样的事情之后）. Has gone through
8．I could not remember whether he had paid for the dictionary.（他已经付了字典钱）
9．I’m afraid I won’t have got the correct answer by then.
（到时还没有到正确的答案）.
10. Don’t worry. Before I get home I will have forgotten all about the matter.（就会把这件事全忘光的）.
三、完成下列句子。
1.He said （他从未去过西藏Tibet）.
2. （他从未给我写过信）since he left Beijing.
3.He said （他下月底就不用我的照相机了camera）.
4.I hope （雨会在明天中午前停下来）.
5.By the end of that year （他已集了一千多张中国邮票）.
6.I really don’t know （他是否已经到了实验室laboratory）.
7.The boy knows that he must be braver and firmer （在他经历了这样的事情之后）.
8.I could not remember whether （他已经付了字典钱）.
9.I’m afraid I （到时还没有到正确的答案）.
10.Don’t worry. Before I get home I （就会把这件事全忘光的）.
二、 时态选择。
1.— he start at once or wait for a while?
—Let him start at once.
A．Will B．Would C．Does D．Shall
2.I can’t tell you if it tomorrow.
A．will rain B．rains 动物是怎样过冬的 C．shall rain D．does rain
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