高考名词性从句
名词性从句的定义:
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。
高考对于名词性从句考查主要有以下七个方面:
1. 名词性从句的语序问题       
2. 引导词thatwhat的区别
3. it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法   
4. whetherif的区别
5. 名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与no matter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别       
6. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气问题
7.易混句型的辨析,比如it作形式主语,主语从句后置的句型与强调句型的辨析将仍作为高考考查的重点。 
语法要点
一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that, whether, if, as ifif (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分;that 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。 
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whichwhichever.
连接副词:when, where, how, why有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语;
不可省略的连词: 
1. 介词后的连词 
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
  That she was chosen made us very happy.
  We heard the news that our team had won.
比较:  Whetherif 均为"是否"的意思。
但在下列情况下,whether 不能被if 取代: 
1. Whether引导主语从句并在句首;
2. 引导表语从句 
3. Whether从句作介词宾语; 
4. 从句后有"or not"  Whether he will come is not clear.
5.可以用whether…or引导让步状语从句,意为“无论,不论”,if则不可.
二、具体分类
1.主语从句  作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词thatwhetherwhether是什么意思if和连接代词whatwhowhichwhateverwhoever以及连接副词howwhenwherewhy等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
【典例1(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.
A. since      B. what        C. when        D. whether  【答案】【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。
  【典例2(2008·山东卷)_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family. 
 A. It        B. This        C. What          D. As
【答案】C
【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。  有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: 
1It + be + 名词 + that从句 
2It + be + 形容词 + that从句 
3It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 
4It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:  1.It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that
2. It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that 
3.It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that 
【典例】(2009·天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. 
A.as         B.which         C. whether          D. that  【答案】D
【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that
截图按键 2.宾语从句 
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名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
(1)由连接词that引导的宾语从句 . 由连接词that5万开店引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
  We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demandordersuggestdecideinsistdesirerequestcommand等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should+ 动词原形”。
例如:  I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2)用whowhom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用描写田野的句子陈述语序。例如:
  I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
  She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
【典例1(2008·北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.
A. which      B. that        C. what          D. who  【答案】C
【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,
所以用what引导该从句。
  【典例2(2009· 全国卷Ⅰ) Could I speak to        is in charge of International Sales please?
A.who Bwhat       C.whoever          D. whatever
【答案】
【解析】 考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever 
3)用whetherif引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whetherif 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;
b. 引导表语从句时;
c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;
d. 从句后有“or not”时;
e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如:  Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。  The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?  Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。头肩底形态