IF的用法
if是英语中出现频率很高的连词,并且它的用法也很多。学生感到很难掌握,为了让同学们更多更好地了解其用法及其语法功能。现结合教学中遇到的情况,予以归纳,以供参考。
关于希望 
whether是什么意思  一、if作为连词,引导条件状语从句,它表示的意思是“假如”“如果”等。在复合句中如果主句用将
  来时,则if引导的状语从句用一般现在时。例如:
  1. If itdoesn’train, we will go to the park next Sunday. 如果天不下雨,下周星期天我们将去公园。
  2. If you ask him,he will help you.如果你求他,他将会帮助你。
  二、if还可以引导让步状语从句。这时if当作“即使是”,“虽说”解。例如:
  1. If she’s poor,at least she’s honest. 虽说她很穷,但至少她还是诚实的。
  2. If I am wrong,you are wrong, too. 即使说我错了,那么你也不对。余额宝被盗刷事件
  3. I’ll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon. 虽然会花费我一下午的时间,我还是要做这事。
  三、if作为连词还可以引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句时和whether意思相同。例如:
  1. Lily asked if / whether she liked it. 莉莉问她是否喜欢它。
  2. She asked if / whether they had a cotton one. 她问是否他们有一件棉织的。
  四、if引导时间状语从句,当if做“当”或“无论何时”解而不含有条件之义时,if从句中的时态与主句中的时态相同。例如:
  1. If youmix yellow and blue,you get green.你将黄与蓝混合,便会得到绿。
  2. If she wants the servant,she rings the bell.每当她需要仆人时,她便按铃。
  五、if后接否定动词,用于感叹句中,表示沮丧、惊奇等。例如:
  I. Well,if I haven’t left my false teeth at home!真倒霉,我把假牙丢在家里了!
  2. And if he didn’t try to knock me down!(What do you think he did!He tried knock me down!)你猜他想做什么他想把我撞倒!
  六、用于虚拟语气中,if从句中用过去式,表示不可能实现,大概不会实现或提出作为考虑的假定条件。例如:人生如茶
  1. If you were a bird, you could fly.假使你是只鸟,你便会飞了。
  2. If I asked him(if I were to ask him) for a loan,would he agree如果我向他借贷,他会答应吗
  另外,if从句中用过去完成式,表示过去未实现的条件(例如由于不可能实现或某人之未能实行)。例如:
  1. If they had startedearlier,they would have arrivedin time.要是他们早些动身,他们便可及时到达了。
  2. If they had not started when they did,they would not be here now.如果他们那时不动身,现在他们就不会在此地了。
  第三,在文学体栽中,if有时可省略,然后将主语与所用的限定动词(尤其是were,had,should)倒置。例如:
  1. Should it (=if it should)be necessary,I will go. 倘若有必要,我会去的。
  2. Were I(=if I were) in your place,I would do the same . 如果我处于你的位置,我也会这样干的。
  3. Had I(=if I had)known earlier,I would come.如果我早一点知道,我就会来。
  七、if与其它一些介词的连用。
  首先,as与if连用,它的意思是:“仿佛、好像”同样引导从句。例如:
  1. It isn’t as if we are rich.(We are not rich.)我们不像富有的样子。(即我们不富有)
川音绵阳艺术学院  2. It isn’t as if he doesn’t know the ruler.(i.e.He does know the rulers.)他不像不懂规则的样子。(即他懂得规则)
  另外as if还可以引导感叹句。例如:
  As if I would allow it!(i.e.I would certainly not allow it!)好像我会答应似的!(我才不会答应哩!)
  其次, if与only连用。常表示愿望或一个未实现的条件,尤其用于感叹句中。例如:
  1. If only he arrives in time!他若能及时到达就好了!
  2. If only she would marry me!但愿她能嫁给我!
  3. If only she had known about it!(But she didn’t know.) 她那时要是知道(但她不知道)这事就好了!
可引导状语从句
如果...,假使...
a. [就现在,过去,未来可能实现之事加以推测时]
If you are tired, we will go straight home 如果你疲倦了,我们就直接回家
If you have finished reading this book, please return it to me 如果你念完这本书,请把它还给我
Do you mind if I open the window 如果我打开窗子,你介意吗
(我可以打开窗子吗 )
I shall tell him if he comes 如果他来了,我会告诉他
2. 用于虚拟语气中
you knew how I suffered, you would pity me 如果你知道我多麽受苦,你会同情我
If I were you, I would help him 如果我是你,我会帮助他
I had known, I wouldn't have done it 假使我知道,我就不会做那件事
If he had followed my advice, he wouldn't be in such difficulty now 如果他听从我的劝告,他现在就不会陷入如此的困境
c. If it should rain tomorrow, I shall not [shan't, won't] come 万一明天下雨,我就不来
可引导宾语从句 ,"是不是..."基本等同于whether
Ask him if it is true 问他那是不是真的
I wonder if he is in the school 我不知道他是否在学校
IF引导的条件状语从句,后半句即主句为将来时,从句则应为现在时。
例如:If he walks to school at 6:50am ,he will be late for school.(这里引导未发生或可能发生的事,表事情发生的条件)
IF有时候也引导虚拟语气
例如:If I were you, I would go with him.主句用过去将来式,从句为过去式(这里引导已发生或不可能发生的事,表假设)
since用法:
流年逝1。用作介词, 意思是“从……以来, 自从”, 常与完成时连用
例如:I haven’t written home since Christmas.
2。用作副词,意思是“从那时以后(一直到现在)”, ever since从那以后一直 (更加强调since的用法)。
His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since.
3。 用作连词
1. 引导原因状语从句,相当于now that,意思是“因为……,既然……, 鉴于……”。
  Since the rain has stopped, let’s go for a walk.
since表示原因时, 语气比because弱, 表示的原因是对方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附带的原因, 因此引导的从句不是信息的焦点, 不能回答why的提问, 也不能用在强调句型中作为被强调的内容。since引导的从句往往放在主句之前。
2. 引导时间状语从句,此用法较复杂。
  (1) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性动词(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作开始的那一时刻起”。这是最常见的一种用法。如:
  He has studied very hard since he came to our school.
(2) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的静态动词(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的过去时, 则从句表示的时间是“从该动作或状态的完成或结束时算起”。如:
I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school.
  was表示状态,因此该句可理解为:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school.
(3) 若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词或静态动词的现在完成时, 则表示动作和状态延续到现在(说话时刻), 其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。如: