新闻的种类很多，按分类标准的不同，有各种不同的分类⽅法。如按照事件的性质分类，新闻可分为“硬新闻（hard news）和“软新闻”（soft news）两⼤类，硬新闻也就是“纯新闻消息报道”，指题材严肃，具有⼀定时效性的客观事实报道；软新闻是指情感味浓，写作⽅法诙谐，轻松幽默的社会新闻，不注重时效性。新闻英语中常见的体裁主要有三⼤类：消息（news）、特写（features）和新闻评论（commentaries and columns）。
标题（headline）：浓缩概括全⽂的中⼼实质问题。
导语（1ead or introduction）：通常为⽂章的第⼀段。⽂章的第⼀段提供主要话题和最主要的事实。
正⽂（body）：在导语的基础上，引⼊更多的与主题相关的事实，使之更加详实、具体，并展开评论，进⽽得出结论。
在此我们以消息为例，详细分析⼀下它的基本结构。消息类新闻属于“硬新闻”，是⼴泛采⽤的的⼀种新闻体裁。消息报道中的导语⼗分重要，它位于第⼀段或第⼀、⼆段。通过它点出新闻的主题，这是消息这种新闻⽂体区别于其它⽂体的⼀个重要特征。五个W和⼀个H（When？Where？Who？What？
Why？和How？）是构成⼀则完整的消息不可缺少的要素。直接的消息报道或纯消息报道⼀般采⽤“倒⾦字塔形式”（the Inverted Pyramid Form），其特点是按新闻报道最重要的五个W和⼀个H 头重脚轻地安排材料，把新闻的⾼潮和结论放在最前⾯的导语⾥，然后以事实的重要性递减的顺序来安排（in theorder of descending importance）材料。
在报纸、⼴播、电视等新闻媒体每天刊载和播发的新闻中，百分之九⼗是⽤倒⾦字塔结构写成的。对于报纸来说，倒⾦字塔结构的新闻有⾃⼰的优势。主要是可以使读者很快得到新闻的精华部分；在⽣活节奏越来越快的今天，⼀般读者很少把⼀条新闻从头到尾读完，他们可能随时放下报纸，因此，报纸有必要让读者⾸先读到最重要的新闻内容。
为了帮助读者了解这种倒⾦字塔式结构，请见西⽅新闻学著作中的图表说明：
The Inverted Pyramid Form
Introduction containing most important or most interesting
劳动的名言警句 information 导语包括最重要或最吸引⼈的消息
more facts 更多的事实材料
supporting information or background 辅助性消息或背景材料
quotes or more facts of lesser importance引语或次要的事实材料
minor details 细节材料
least significant information 最不重要的消息
为了说明“倒⾦字塔结构”的新闻⽂体特点，现举美联社2001年11⽉22⽇的⼀篇报道为例：
NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST，2001
28 Killed in Colombia Landslide
By JUAN PABLO TORO
Associated Press Writer
FILADELFIA Colom bia（AP）—Rain-softened walls of a condemned strip mine crashed down on
scores of gold miners in western Colom- bia Thursday，killingat least 28 and leaving 40
others missing，authorities said．
The victims were said to be poor people who ignored government warnings that erosion had
made the mine unsafe．It appeared both the illegal digging and recent heavy rains were to
blame for the accident．
Survivors said two separate mudslides occurred at the site in Filadelfia，a small town
120 miles west of Bogotá．The second avalanche buried miners who were trying to rescue friends who had been engulfed in the first avalanche．
Rescuers shoveled furiously for hours in hopes of finding som- ebody alive，butonly recovered bodies．
As night fell Thursday，national disaster chief Eduardo Jose Gonzalez said hopes of finding anyone alive waned as crews prepared to suspend operations．The search was to resume Friday．
Gonzalez said 28bodies had been recovered，and at least 40 people were missing． Thirty-two miners were reported injured and taken to hospitals．
盼望的英语 Hundreds of people had gathered at the scene，many of them anguished and weepingrelatives．
Emergency crews from the Red Cross and
the civil defense forces were using heavy machinery to remove the thick mud spread over
the site．Complicating the recovery effort，huge pools of water had seeped into the site
from a river running up to the hillside—used by the miners to rinse gold particles fromdirt．
Survivors said the earth crashed down without warning on a group of about 200 people trying to scrape gold from the well-worn hill-side．The workers were toiling with shovels
and picks inside a deep hole they had carved into the hill．The cavern had no structural
supports．
Many workers managed to scramble out of the way or crawl out from beneath the mud．
Others were not so lucky．
“We heard a very loud sound and the hill suddenly fell down upon us，”said 20-year-old Manuel Loaiza．“I was trapped up to my knees but some of the others dragged me out．”
Loaiza said he made less than ＄9a day at the crude mine．His 39-year-old uncle is still missing under the mud．
According to Julian Arboleda，an aide to Caldas State governor Luis Alfonso Arias，of- ficials ordered the mine closed several months ago．But residents thrown out of workby Colom bia's econom- ic downturn took the risk of working there anyway，Arboleda said．
Landslides triggered by rains are Colombia's most common natural disaster，killing dozens of people annually．Thursday's accident was the worst such tragedy in recent years．
According to the government's disaster relief agency，nearly 200 people died in a poor neighborhood in the city of Medellinwhen a 1987 landslide buried their houses．Landslides buried 150 dam workers in 1983 and a rescue team sent on their behalf．
⾸先要注意消息报道导语（第⼀段）⾥的“电头”（dateline）“FILADELFIA，Colombia（AP）”即“美联社发⾃哥伦⽐亚费拉达菲亚的
消息”。美联社新闻报道的时间通常置于消息的最前⾯（NOVEMBER 22，19：43EST），即美国的标准时11⽉22⽇19点43分。
编程怎么学>忧患意识的例子
新闻结构 第⼀段⼗分简单明了地告诉读者：星期四，哥伦⽐亚西部的⼀露天⾦矿由于⼤⾬⽽发⽣坍塌，⾄少28⼈死亡，40⼈失踪。
第⼆段增加了新的新闻事实：⾦矿坍塌的遇难者是贫民，虽然政府警告说由于侵蚀使采矿危险，但他们置若罔闻；⾦矿的坍塌可能是由于⾮法的开采以及近⽇的⼤⾬造成的。这⼀段⽀持并扩展了导语。描写花的诗句
第三段是背景材料。利⽤事故的⽣还者的所见所闻讲述当时的情景：共发⽣了两次塌⽅，第⼆次的塌⽅将赶去救援的矿⼯也吞没。
第四、五、六、七以及第⼋段均是与主要新闻事实有关的次重要材料。第四、五、七、⼋段讲述了来⾃红⼗字、民防组织以及各⽅救护⼈员的救援进展情况。第六段也是对导语的进⼀步扩展：官⽅宣布事故中有28⼈死亡，⾄少40⼈失踪；有32名矿⼯受伤被送往医院。
第九、⼗、⼗⼀和第⼗⼆段也是背景材料，利⽤⽬击者的所见所闻进⼀步描述了⾦矿坍塌时的情景。
第⼗三、⼗四和第⼗五段均是与新闻事实有关的次重要的材料：这个⾦矿⼏个⽉以前就关闭了，但由于经济衰退⼈们⼜重操旧业；⼭体滑坡是哥伦⽐亚最常见的⾃然灾害。
通过分析我们可以看出这篇新闻报道是典型的“倒⾦字塔”结构，导语是⼀段简单清楚的叙述。随后的数段对导语进⾏了解释、补充和扩展，有利地⽀撑了导语。在导语中基本将“五个W，⼀个H”交代清楚。
它所回答的问题分列如下：
Who—gold miners
What—were killed
When—Thursday（Nov．22）
Where—in western Colombia
Why—the walls of mine were softened by rain
How—（were killed）by crash
应该说明，记者即使采⽤“倒⾦字塔结构”，也不⼀定在导语中全部都包括五个W和⼀个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外⼀个或两个W出现在下⾯的段落⾥，这也是常见的。
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