英语单词的过去式过去分词
【过去式】
例句：I met him yesterday. 昨天我碰见了他。
构成：
表示一般过去式的动词通常用动词的过去式形式来表示，而动词的过去式是在动词原形的基础上变化的。动词的过去式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式变化如下：
一般情况下，动词词尾加 -ed ，如：
worked played wanted acted
以不发音的 -e 结尾动词，动词词尾加 -d，如：
lived moved decided declined hoped judged raised wiped
以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词，把-y变为-i 再加-ed，如：
studied tried copied justified cried carried embodied emptied
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加 -ed，如：
stopped begged fretted dragged dropped planned dotted dripped
注：不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强，须多加记忆。
go - went make - made get - got buy - bought come - came fly-flew is/am-was are-were see-saw bring-brought
用法：
（1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况，通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词，词组或从句，如 yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等，上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语。 I worked in that factory last year. 去年我在那一家工厂工作。 I went to the Tian Long Mountain yesterday. 昨天我们去了天龙山。
（2）
一般过去时态：表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词要用一般过去式。
时间标志：yesterday（昨天）, last week（上周）, last month（上个月）, last year（去年）, two months ago（两个月前）, the day before yesterday（前天），in 1990 (在1990年), in those days （在那些日子里）等表示过去的时间状语。
如： I was born in 1990. (我出生在1990年)。
When did you go to the park? （你是什么时候去的公园）。
I went to the park last week. （我是上周去的公园）
在上面的句子中第一句属于be动词的一般过去时态；第二句和第三句属于实义动词的一般过去时态。
1． Be 动词的一般过去时态
在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were.
构成：肯定句：主语+was (were) +宾语
如：I was late yesterday. （昨天我迟到了。）
否定句：主语+was (were) +not+宾语
如：We weren't late yesterday. (我们昨天没迟到)
疑问句：Was (Were) +主语+宾语
如： Were you ill yesterday? （你昨天病了吗？）
肯定回答： Yes, I was. (是的，我病了。)
否定句： No, I wasn't. (不，我没病。)
特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词+was (were) +主语+宾语
如：When were you born? 你是什么时候出生的？
读法： study的过去分词
规则动词词尾加-ed有三种读音：
1. 在清辅音后读作[t]。如：asked, helped, watched, stopped
2. 在浊辅音和元音后读作[d]。如：enjoyed, studied, moved, called
3. 在t / d后读作[id]。如：wanted, needed
不规则动词的过去式大体上归纳有以下六条记忆法：
天使的选择1. 以t结尾的词，过去式与原形相同。如：put—put, let—let, cut—cut, beat—beat
2. 以d结尾的词，把d变成t。如:build—built, lend—lent, send—sent, spend—spent
3. 以n结尾的词，在词后加t。如：mean—meant, burn—burnt, learn—learnt
4. 以ow / aw结尾的词，把ow / aw变成ew。如：blow—blew, draw—drew, know—knew, grow—grew
5. 含有双写字母的词，将双写改为单写，在词尾加t。如：keep—kept, sleep—slept, feel—felt, smell—smelt
6. 含有元音字母o / i的词，将o / i变成a。如：sing—sang, give—gave, sit—sat, drink—drank
【过去分词】
过去分词规则动词的过去分词由动词的原形加上ed构成，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。
过去分词则属于类动词
1. 动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还表示已完成了.
The cup is broken. 茶杯破了.
2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成.
He is retired. 他已退休.
3. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构.
过去分词构成规则
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
绚丽彩虹study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried ,
play---played---played ,stay---stayed---stayed
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词，见不规则表
一、当过去分词作为表语
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山.
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作.
(1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态，表示动作)
(2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)
【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行.有些动词如 interest, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物.
(3) The book is interesting and I'm interested in it. 这本书很有
趣，我对它很感兴趣.
数据库英语二、当过去分词作为定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词.及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成.
1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前.
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况.
2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中.
The concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功.
3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号.
The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人.
4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关.
The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视.
三、当过去分词作为状语
1. 过去分词作状语过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.
(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好.
【注意】written 为过去分词作状语，表示这篇文章是被写的，而且已经被写. 值得注意的是，有些过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦).
(2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音.
2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语，此时应注意人称一致.
(1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem.
再给我一个小时，我也能解这道题.(given 为过去分词作状语，它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ，即 I 被再给一个小时.)
(2)_ Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us.
从山顶看城市，城市显得更漂亮.(seen 为过去分词作状语，表"被看"，由语境可知，它的逻辑主语必须是城市，而不是"我们"，因为"我们"应主动看城市.)
【注意】如果过去分词作状语时，前面再加逻辑主语，主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语，这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构.
(1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出，汽车就开动了.(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语，因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语.
(2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,
因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)
3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.
(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语，它来源于原因状语从句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.)
(2)_Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语，它来源于条件状语从句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil.
【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成"连词+过去分词"结构作状语.
When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.
4. 过去分词作状语的位置.过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开.
He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶.
四、当过去分词作为宾语补足语
(一)能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:
1. 表示感觉或心理状态的动词.如:see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等.
(1) I heard the song sung in English. 我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌.(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard;)
(2)_He found his hometown greatly changed. 他发现他的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found)
2. 表示"致使"意义的动词.如:have, make, get, keep, leave等.
(1) I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理发.
(2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了.
(3) Don't leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完.
3. 表示思维活动的动词如consider， know， think等后。如：
(1) I consider the matter settled. 我认为这件事解决了。
(2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。
4. 表示爱憎?意愿的动词如want， wish， like， hate等后。如：
(1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要预定两张机票。
(2) He didn’t wish it mentioned. 他不愿这事被提起。
【注意】过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系.
(二)使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况.
1. 过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成.
He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了.(被别人偷去了)
2. 过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历.如: He had his leg broken.他的腿断了. (自己的经历)
五、"with +宾语+过去分词"的结构
此结构中，过去分词用作介词 with的宾语补足语.这一结构通常在句中作时间，方式，条件，原因等状语.
(1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 凶手被带进来了，他
的双手被绑在背后.(表方式)
(2) With water heated, we can see the steam. 水一被加热，我们就会看到水蒸气.(表条件)
(3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解决，我们都回家了.(表原因)
(4)_She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注视着他.
(5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿.
不规则变化动词表：
原形 过去式 过去分词
abide abode,abided abode,
alight
arise arose arisen
awake awoke，awaked awoken
be was, were been
bear bore borne, born
beat beat beaten
become became become
befall befell befallen
beget begot begotten, begot
begin began begun
behold beheld beheld
bend bent bent 云冈石窟图片
bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft
beseech besought, beseeched besought, beseeched
beset beset beset
bespeak bespoke bespoken, bespoke
bespread bespread bespread
bestrew bestrewed bestrewed, bestrewn
bestride bestrode bestridden, bestrid, bestrode
bet bet, betted bet, betted
betake betook betaken
bethink bethought bethought
bid bade, bid bidden, bid
bide bode, bided bided
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten, bit
bleed bled bled
blend blended, blent blended, blent
bless blessed, blest blessed, blest
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted
browbeat browbeat browbeaten
build built built
burn burnt, burned burnt, burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
can could -
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
chide chid, chided chid, chidden, chided
choose chose chosen
cleave cleaved, cleft, clove cleaved, cleft
cleave clave cloven
cling clung clung
clothe clothed, clad clothed, clad
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
crow crowed, crew crowed
cut cut cut
dare dared, durst dared
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dispread dispread dispread
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed, dreamt dreamed, dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelt, dwelled dwelt, dwelled
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
flee fled fled
fling flung flung 如何发面
fly flew flown
fly fled fled
fly flied flied
forbear forbore forborne
forbid forbade, forbad forbidden
forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted
fordo fordid fordone
forego forewent foregone
foreknow foreknew foreknown
forerun foreran forerun
foresee foresaw foreseen
foreshow foreshowed foreshown
foretell foretold foretold
forget forgot forgotten, forgot
forgive forgave forgiven
forsake forsook forsaken
forswear forswore forsworn
freeze froze frozen
gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
get got got, gotten
gild gilded, gilt gilded
gird girded, girt girded, girt
give gave given
go went gone
grave graved graven, graved
grind grou
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