英语中的各种变化规则
1. 可数名词规则复数(Plural Form)的构成
情况 | 构成方法 | 例词及读音 | |
一般情况 | 加-s | 清辅音后/ / 浊辅音和元音后/ / 在ce,se,ze,(d)ge后/ / | cakes undefinedundefinedundefinedundefined bags undefined faces undefinedundefinedundefined oranges undefinedundefined |
以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词★ | 加-es | 读/ / | buses undefined watches undefinedundefined |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词 | 变y为i再加-es | 读/ / | babies undefinedundefinedundefined families undefined 鸡怎么烧好吃 |
部分以f(e)结尾的词▲ | 变f(e)为ves | 读/ / 越过山丘简谱 | knives undefinedundefined halves |
以o结尾的词● | 加-s 或-es (多数单词) | 读/ / | zoos photos undefinedundefinedundefined undefinedundefined tomatoes undefined undefinedundefined undefinedundefined |
◆在th后多读/ /，如：
cloths undefined months undefined myths undefinedundefined
◆th前有长元音或双元音时读作/ /：
sheath undefined undefined ---- sheaths undefined undefined path undefined ---- paths undefined
oath undefinedundefinedundefined ---- oaths undefinedundefinedundefined mouth undefinedundefinedundefined ----mouths undefinedundefinedundefined
wreath undefined ---- wreaths undefined bath undefined ----贪赃枉法baths undefined
youth undefined undefined ---- youths undefined undefined 或 undefined undefined truth undefined ---- truths undefined 或 undefined
★如果词尾的ch发 音，要加-s：monarch→monarchs; stomach→stomachs; epoch→epoc
hs
●以下几类词只加-s：
①以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词：videos, radios, studios, zoos, bamboos, kangaroos, taboos(禁忌)
②一些外来词，特别是音乐方面的词：pianos, tobaccos, mottos, manifestos(宣言)
③一些缩写词和专有名词：kilos, photos, memos(备忘录), Eskimos(爱斯基摩人), Filipinos(菲律宾人)
▲有些以-f或-fe结尾的词只加-s，读作 ：roofs, cliffs(悬崖), proofs, beliefs, chiefs, griefs, gulfs
2. 名词的所有格1(The Possessive Case of Nouns)
情况 | 构成方法 | 读音 | 例词及读音 |
一般情况下，不以s结尾的名词 | 加 ’s | 在清辅音后读/ / 在浊辅音和元音后读/ / 在 等音后读/ / | Mike’s undefinedundefinedundefined girl’s undefined (r) undefinedundefined mother’s undefined undefined (r)z George’s Marx’s |
以s结尾的名词 | 加 ’ | 读音不变 | students’ parents’ |
3. be动词的变化
形式 人称 | 现在时态 | 过去时态 | |||
肯定及缩略式 | 否定及缩略式 | 肯定及缩略式 | 否定及缩略式 | ||
第一 人称 | 单数 | am (’m) | am not (’m not) | was | was not (wasn’t) |
复数 | are (’re) | are not (aren’t / ’re not) | were | were not (weren’t) | |
第二 人称 | 单数 | are (’re) | are not (aren’t / ’re not) | were | were not (weren’t) |
复数 | |||||
第三 人称 | 单数 | is (’s) | is not (isn’t / ’s not) | was | was not (wasn’t) |
复数 | are (’re) | are not (aren’t / ’re not) | were | were not (weren’t) | |
4. have的各种形式
肯定否定缩略式 形式 | 肯定式 | 缩略肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 |
原形 | have | ’ve | have not | haven’t, ’ve not |
现在时第三人称单数 | has | ’s | has not | hasn’t, ’s not |
过去式 | had | ’d | had not | hadn’t, ’d not |
现在分词 | having | not having | ||
过去分词 | had | |||
总结：he’s中的’s的非简略式应该为has或is，而不可能是was.
5. do的各种形式
肯定否定缩略式 形式 | 肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 |
原形 | do | do not | don’t |
现在时第三人称单数 | does | does not | doesn’t |
过去式 | did | did not | didn’t |
6. will, would, shall, should
肯定式 | 缩略肯定式 | 否定式 | 缩略否定式 |
will | ’ll | will not | won’t, ’ll not |
would | ’d | would not | wouldn’t, ’d not |
shall | ’ll | shall not | shan’t |
should | should not | shouldn’t | |
ought to的否定式是在ought后加not，疑问式是将ought提前。used to do中的used读 undefined ，否定式为 undefined 或 undefined ，一般疑问式是将 提到主语前或用 Did … use undefined to… ?。
7. 第三人称单数动词形式
规则 | 读音 | 动词原形 | 第三人称单数形式及读音 |
一般动词在词尾加-s | 在清辅音后读 在浊辅音或元音后读/ / 在t后读 undefinedundefined ，在d后读 undefinedundefined | like tell play get find | likes undefinedundefinedundefinedundefinedundefined tells undefinedundefinedundefined plays undefinedundefinedundefinedundefined gets undefinedundefinedundefined undefinedundefined |
以字母s, x, ch, sh结尾的动词加-es | 读/ / | guess teach | guesses undefinedundefinedundefined teaches undefined undefinedundefined |
以“辅音+o”结尾的动词一般加-es | 读/ / | do go | does undefined goes undefinedundefinedundefined |
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es | 读/ / | fly carry study | flies undefinedundefinedundefinedundefined carries undefined undefined undefinedundefined undefined |
注：have的第三人称单数形式是has。
8. 规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成
构成规则 | 原形 | 过去式、过去分词 |
一般加-ed | look play | looked undefined undefinedundefined played undefinedundefinedundefinedundefinedundefined |
以不发音的-e结尾的动词加-d | live hope | lived undefinedundefined hoped undefinedundefined undefined |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-ed | study worry | studied undefinedundefined undefined worried undefined |
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母再加-ed | stop plan | stopped undefinedundefined planned undefinedundefined undefined |
注：travel的过去式、过去分词的英式写法为travelled, travelled，美式写法为traveled, trav
eled。在英语中这样的动词还有quarrel, model, control, dial, signal, worship, focus等。
词尾-ed的读音：
读音 | 例词 | |
在清辅音后面 | undefined | finished undefinedundefined undefinedundefinedundefined cooked undefined undefinedundefined |
在浊辅音和元音后面 | undefined | called undefined undefined borrowed undefined undefinedundefined |
在 undefined undefined 音后面 | undefinedundefined | wanted 三个月的宝宝 undefined needed undefined |
9. 动词-ing形式的构成规则
规则 | 动词原形 | 现在分词 |
一般情况下直接加-ing | buy, find, meet | buying, finding, meeting |
以不发音的-e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing | continue, use, ride | continuing, using, riding |
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，应双写这个辅音字母再加-ing | begin, put, occur, prefer, refer | beginning, putting, occurring, preferring, referring |
少数以-ie结尾的动词，先变ie为y，再加-ing | die, lie, tie | dying, lying, tying |
以-oe, -ee, -ye结尾的动词，直接加-ing | see, agree, flee | seeing, agreeing, fleeing |
10. 形容词的比较级和最高级的规则变化及读音（副词的构成及读音基本相同）
构成 | 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
一般加-er, -est | high | higher | highest |
以字母e结尾只加-r, -st | brave | braver | bravest |
以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这一辅音字母后加-er, -est | big hot thin | bigger hotter thinner | biggest hottest thinnest |
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，将y变为i再加-er, -est | busy happy ugly early | busier happier uglier earlier | busiest happiest ugliest earliest |
多音节词在其前加more, most | enthusiastic | more enthusiastic | most enthusiastic |
分词形容词的比较级和最高级一般在其前加more, most | challenging tired | more challenging more tired | 高考位次计算方法橱柜门图片 most challenging most tired |
词尾是-er, -le和-ow的形容词可在词尾加-er, -est, 也可在前边加more, most | clever gentle narrow | cleverer/more clever gentler/more gentle narrower/more narrow | cleverest/most clever gentlest/most gentle narrowest/most narrow |
规则变化的读音：
规则形容词的比较级和最高级一般情况下-er, -est分别读作 undefinedundefined ；如果形容词原级的词尾为不发音的字母r，在加-er, -est时不发音的字母r要发 undefined ；如果形容词原级词尾的发音为 undefined ，加- 和-est后， undefined 后要发 undefined ，变成 undefinedundefined 。
tall — taller undefined undefined — tallest undefined undefined undefinedundefined
clear — clearer undefinedundefined undefined — clearest undefinedundefined undefined undefinedundefined
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