动词的第三人称单数的单数及发音规则:
1.一般直接在此为加—s,—s在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/, ds读/dz/, ts读/ts 如
help helps/s/ know knows/z/ get gets/s/ read reads/z/
如果明天guess guesses fix fixes teach teaches wash washes
注意:go goes/z/ do does /z/
3. 辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加—es,—ies读/iz/
carry carries fly flies
注意:在play-—-plays,say--—-says中,字母y前为元音字母,第三人称单数形式直接在动词后加—s
4.特俗词例外
5.be动词的第三人称单数分别为am, is, are, have则为has
注意:以不发音字母“e”结尾的开音节词,如果尾音是/s/,/z/,加—s后,字母”e”发音,与所加—s一起读作/iz/,如
close closes/iz/
动词的ing变化规则:
1.一般情况直接加ing,如 look-looking go---going visit-——visiting
2.以不发音的e结尾的,去e再加ing,如 come—--coming make—-—making write—-—writing
3.以重读闭音节结尾并且只有一个辅音字母的,双写该辅音字母,再加ing,如
run---running stop---stopping get—-—getting swim—-—swimming begin-—-beginning
4.以辅音字母加y结尾的,直接加ing,如
study---studying carry-——carrying fly--—flying cry-—-crying
5.以ie结尾的重度开音节动词,先变ie为y,再加ing,如
die-—-dying tie--—tying lie———lying
动词的过去式变化规则:
1.规则变化
(1)一般直接在动词后加ed,—ed在清辅音后读/t/, 在浊辅音及元音后读/d,/—ed在/t//d/后读/id/,如
call-—-called open——-opened look———looked want--—wanted /id/ need-——needed /id/
(2)以不发音的“e"结尾的,直接加-d ,如
live-——lived move-——moved hope-——hoped
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,先变y为i,再加—ed,(注意:如果是元音字母加y结尾的,还是直接加—ed,如,play—-—played, enjoy-—-enjoyed)如
see的过去式是什么study--—studied cry---cried try—-—tried
(4)以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写最后一个辅音字母,再加—ed,如
plan———planned fit——-fitted stop-—-stopped
2.不规则变化(要特俗记忆),以下是一些常见的动词的过去式
am,is-was are-were, do-did, see—saw, 陈小春老婆叫什么 say-said, give-gave, get—got, go-went come—came have/has-had eat-ate, take-took run—ran put—put make—made read—read write—wrote draw-drew drink—drank fly—flew ride—rode speak-spoke sweep—swept swim-swam sit-sat 上海金茂大厦 hear— heard sleep—slept let-let
blow-blew hurt-hurt speak—spoke buy—bought 山西大同云冈石窟keep-kept swim-swam eat-ate
catch-caught know-knew stand-stood choose—chose lie-lay leave-left draw—drew
blow-blew hurt-hurt speak—spoke buy—bought 山西大同云冈石窟keep-kept swim-swam eat-ate
catch-caught know-knew stand-stood choose—chose lie-lay leave-left draw—drew
teach –taught drink-drank make- made tell-told think—thought mean-meant
feel—felt drive—drove meet—met write –wrote find—found fly—flew
forget -forgot ring -rang see —saw ride—rode
grow—grew sing—sang/sung begin—began learn-learned/learnt
forget -forgot ring -rang see —saw ride—rode
grow—grew sing—sang/sung begin—began learn-learned/learnt
可数名词变复数的规则:
1.规则变化:
(1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s, 如book-——books boy-—-boys
(2)以—s, -x,-ch, -sh结尾的名词,在词尾加-es,如bus—--buses watch--—watches
(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i,再加—es, 如city—--cities family———families
(4)以—f或-fe结尾的分两类,一类直接加-s,另一类大多数情况下,将—f或-fe改为v,再
加—es,如,roof-——roofs belief———beliefs leaf—-—leaves life—--lives knife—--knives
2.不规则变化
(1)元音字母发生变化 man-——men tooth—--teeth goose---geese
(2)词尾变化 child-—-children mouse-—-mice
(3)单复数同形 sheep---sheep deer—--deer fish———fish
另附清辅音与浊辅音:
清辅音: [p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [∫] [ts] [t∫] [tr] [h]
浊辅音:[b] [d] [g]加固楼板 [v] [z] [δ] [з] [dz] [dз] [dr] [r]
音节分为开音节和闭音节,
3.开音节又分为相对开音节和绝对开音节
(1)相对开音节:“以一个元音字母+一个辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e”结尾的叫相对开音节。这里元音字母发自己本身的音。如,cake, grade, name, bike
(2)绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的叫绝对开音节。如,he, she, me, no,go
2.闭音节:以“辅音字母+元音字母+辅音字母”结尾的叫闭音节,如,get, put,pen, ten, let
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