词类 英语中有十大词类： 1.名词：n. (Noun) 表示事物或人得名称 1).可数名词cn. 有单数形式和复数形式，可以用a/an来修饰 2）.不可数名词un. 没有复数形式，不可以用a/an来修饰 ，抽象名词：不加s 2.数词：num. (Numeral) 表示数目或顺序 1).基数词： one ,two .three,four 2).序数词：first ,second ,third 3.形容：adj. (Adjective) 表示人或事物的特征或状态 1).表语形容词：asleep ,alive, awake 2).定语形容词：funny , lovely 4.副词：adv. (Adverb) 表示动作的特征或状态的特征 5.动词：v. (Verb) 表示一种动作或状态 Like ,eat, hit, teach see, watch, know, 2）.不及物动词vi. 不可以直接加宾语，宾语须由介词引出(不可以用于被动语态) ：agree ,arrive,get,go , 3).情态动词：modal v. :can,should, will,shall等，其后面直接跟动词原形 4）.助动词： aux v. :do ,have 5) .系动词 : link v. :be ,seem, sound, feel,smell 等，其后加adj.&n.做表语 6.代词：pron. (Pronoun).代替名词，数次等 1）.指示代词：this,that,these,those 2).人称代词：
3).不定代词：
4）.关系代词和连接代词：whenever，that,whenever,whoever, 7.冠词：art. (Article) 用在名词前用于帮助说明其意义 1）.定冠词： the 2).不定冠词：a / an 8.介词： prep. (Preposition) 用在名词或代词前说明其与其他词的关 例如：at ,in ,of , with ,on , by , to, over, about 9.连词： conj. (Conjunction)用来连接词与词，或句子与句子 例如：and, when, that ,but 10.感叹词：interj. (Interjection)表示说话的感情或口气 例如：ho, ah, yeah 总结：最后这四种词是英语中的虚词，即不能独立在句子中承担句子成分 句子分类 一、 从语法角度，英语句子的分类 主语+谓语(不及物) He smiled. 主语+谓语+宾语 The boy likes the girl. 简单句 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语（宾补） He makes me happy. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语 He gave me a book. 主语+系动词+表语 He is a teacher. 表递进 表选择 句子 并列句 表转折 表因果 其他 定语从句 主语从句 宾语从句 复合句 名词性从句 表语从句 同位语从句 状语从句 二、句子的基本成分 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
1. 主语: 就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者，一般位于句首。 He likes dancing. I have a book. The sun rises in the east. He gave me an apple. 2. 谓语: 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态，包括实义动词、联系动词、情态动词、助动词。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。 He likes dancing. I have a book. The sun rises in the east. He gave me an apple. 3. 宾语: 表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语种类： （1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），记下下面这个句子: give me a book. 一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点, “双”就是两个的意思. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补：补充说明直接宾语，使句意完整。 He likes dancing. I have a book. He gave me an apple. He makes me happy. 4. 表语: 用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。 He is a teacher. This pie looks good, but tastes awful. 5.定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 I have a story book. time in a bottle 6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语,一句话语法: 状语用副词,不用形容词)，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。 I have a story book in my bag. The sun rises in the east. 7.补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语， 补充宾语叫宾语补足语。 可以用作补足语的词有：名词，形容词，不定式和分词。名词或者代词＋形容词/名词/不定式/分词 He makes me happy. He was elected monitor. 三、并列句 定义：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。 1.表递进关系 常用的连词有and(同，和), when(=and just at this time就在这时，然后), not only…but (also)…(不仅……而且……), neither…nor…（既不……也不……）等。 He helps me and I help him.他帮我，我帮他。 2. 表选择关系 常用的连词有or(或者，否则), otherwise(否则), or else(否则), (不是……就是)等。 Hurry up, or (else) you’ll be late. 快点，否则就会迟到了。 3. 表转折关系 常用的连词有but(但是，可是，只是因为), while(而、却), yet(可是),whereas等。 It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行。 I like tea while she likes coffee. 我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。 4. 表因果关系 常用的连词有for（因为）和so（所以，因此）等。 I am thirsty, for it is hot. 我口渴，因为天气太热。 注意： so不能与because连用 按用途分类，英语句子的分类 句子按用途分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。 （一）陈述句：陈述句说明一个事实或是表达说话人的看法。 如：She arrived quite early. I don't see any point in making another speech on this problem. （二）疑问句：疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 1．一般疑问句：一般疑问句通常以助动词开始，要求以yes 或no回答。 如： ---"Will you pass on a message to him?" ---"Yes, what's it?" ---"Do you like sports?" ---"No, I prefer reading in my spare time. " 2．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句以疑问代词开头，后面通常接一般疑问句， 如果疑问词或其修饰的词作句子的主语，后面应用陈述句句序。 如：How much did she charge? Who is responsible for the accident?（be responsible for 为……负责） ---"______ do you record the temperature in the lab?" ---"Every two hours." A. How soon B. How long C. How often D. How much (答案 C how often 表示频率， how soon最快……， how long 一段延续的时间， how much 问价钱) 3．选择疑问句：选择疑问句在结构上类似于一般疑问句，选择的两部分由or连接起来。 如： Do you prefer coffee or tea? -Either will do. Are you from Shanghai or Suzhou?-I'm from Suzhou. 4．反意疑问句：反意疑问句由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句的形式，后一部分是一个简短的问句。 如果前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分通常用否定形式， 前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式，两部分主语的人称、时态应保持一致。如：You are going out today, aren't you? We can't take the books out, can we? 注意：当反意疑问句的前一部分是否定句，或含有no, nothing, never, hardly, seldom等词时，回答时应特别注意。事实上肯定的用yes（不），事实上否定的用no（是的）。 You won't be away for long, will you? ---No, I'll be back in ten minutes. He is hardly ten, is he? ----Yes, he is ten. You haven't any objection to the idea, have you? ----No, I haven't. They have no classes tomorrow, have they?-No, they haven't. 日常用语中有些反意疑问句构成与上述不同，有其独特的方式。 如：Have a cup of tea, will you? Let's meet at the station, shall we? What a lovely day, isn't it? （三）祈使句：祈使句表示请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等，主语一般是you，在句子中省略， 谓语动词用原形，否定一般在谓语前加don't 。 如： Let's not waste time arguing about it. (waste time doing) Be sure to come here before nine. Don't do that again. Don't hesitate to turn to me if you are in trouble. (turn to sb.向某人求助) （四）感叹句：感叹句表示说话人的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情绪，一般由what或how引导， what修饰名词，how修饰形容词或副词。What + n.; How+ adj. 如： What good news it is! How good the news is! What silly questions you asked! How silly the questions you asked! What a bad memory I've got! How bad the memory I've got! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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一、指出下列句子句子成分： 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say? 15. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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单项选择，从A、B、C、D四个选项中选择一个最佳答案。 1. There's ________800-metre-long road behind _________hospital. A. an, an B. a, a C. an, the D. a, the 2. I ______ you every success in the future. A. hope B. wish C. expect D. want 3. Beth has a beautiful ______ . Listen! She is singing. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound 4. After school we usually play ___ __ basketball for half an hour on ___ playground. A. the, the B. /, / C. /, the D. the, / 5. It’s ten at night. I’m very tired. I would rather ______ than ______ TV. A. to sleep, watch B. sleep, to watch C. sleep, watching D. sleep, watch 6.—Have you decided ______ to Wuhan? —Yes. I’ll go there by train. It’s much cheaper than by plane. A. when to go B. how to go C. where to go D. with whom to go 7.—What else would you like to eat? —______ I’m full. Thanks. A. Nothing else. B. Else nothing. C. Something else. D. Else something. 8. When we look up a word in the dictionary, we must pay attention to the way ______ it is used. A. / B. who C. what D. where 9. It’s difficult to live in a foreign country, ______ if you can’t understand the language there. A. exactly B. naturally C. usually D. especially 10. When we see Maria off in the airport lounge, we can’t help ______ . A. cry B. to cry C. crying D. cries 11.—How do you like the book? —It’s fantastic. I like those ______ in the book. A. hero B. heroes C. photo D. character 12.—What is your dream? —I want to be an artist. What do you think ______ the most important things about painting? A. are B. is C. was D. has 13.—How many people are there in the hall? —About two ______ people are listening to the speech. A. hundred of B. hundreds C. hundred D. hundreds of 14.—Why do you like the teacher? —She not only helps us ______ plays with us. A. and B. or C. but also D. nor 15.—How was your trip? —Very good. We enjoyed ______ . A. myself B. ourselves C. us D. ours 16.—How long do you spend ______ your homework every night? —About one and a half hours. A. do B. did C. does D. doing 17.—Would you like to read the English ______ on the medicine bottle for me? —With pleasure. A. instructions B. meanings C. pictures D. documents 18. My father feels _________ because he heard from _______ today. A. happy, an old friend of him B. happy, an old friend of his C. happily, one of his old friends D. happily, an old friend of him 19. There a wonderful English film next week. A. is going to have B. will have C. is going to D. is going to be 20. Let’s encourage the boy. He to sing on the stage. A. dares not B. doesn’t dare C. dare not D. don’t dare 21. Is Li Ming in the classroom? No, he there. I saw him in the reading room just now. A. can’t be B. mustn’t be C. needn’t be D. is 22. It’s great to have robots________ housework for us. A. do B. to do C. doing D. done 23. More than 3010 people in the traffic accident yesterday. A. killed B. are killed C. were killed D. have been killed 24. Look, the room is so dirty. It needs . A. clean B. cleans C. to clean D. cleaning 25. It’s easy to make football fans when they are watching an game. A. excited; excited B. excited; exciting C. exciting; excited D. exciting; exciting 26. I feel worried when I can’t think of anyone _______. A. to talk B. to talk to C. talk to D. to talk to about 27. It is you that _________ wrong. A. is B. was C. are D. has been 28. of the students of our school girls. A. Two-third, are B. Two-thirds, is C. Two-thirds, are D. second-three, are 29. My aunt often talks _______her friends _______the phone ______ weekend. A. to, with, on B. with, on, at C. about, on, through D. of, by, at 30. He used on the right in China, but he soon got used on the left in England. A. to drive; to drive B. to drive; driving C. to driving; to drive D. to drive; to driving 31. I would rather ______ with you than ______ here. A. go, stay B. going, stay C. go, to stay D. to go, stay 32. I wanted to buy a comic book but there were ______ left at the bookshop. A. no one B. nothing C. anyone D. none 33. An hour ______ 60 minutes. A. divides into B. is divided in C. is divided into D. is include 34. When I met him in New York, he ______ there for five times. A. have gone B. had gone C. have been D. had been 35.―Mum, I’m leaving for the party and I’m not coming back for dinner. ―______, son! A. Be careful B. Come back early C. Have fun D. Don’t make trouble 36. Police confirmed that the murder took place ______ last night. A. from 9.30 to 11. B. between and C. from 9. until 1. D. about and 37. I agree with most of what you said, but I can’t agree with ______. A. something B. anything C. nothing D. everything 38.―I’m going to Hangzhou for a holiday this weekend. ―______ you are there, could you buy me some green tea? A. Because B. While C. After D. Though 39. The old man _____ live with his wife, but now he _____ alone after she died. A. used to, is used to live B. used to, is used to living C. was used to, used to live D. did use to, is used to live 40. She was so angry at _____ he was doing _____ she walked out without a word. A. what, that B. that, what C. that, that D. what, what 41.―Must I park my car behind the building? ―No, you ______. You ______ park it here. A. mustn’t, may B. may not, must C. don’t have to, may D. shouldn’t, must 42. I followed him to see ______ he was going and I was surprised when he went into the police station. A. how B. where C. why D. whether 43. No one can be sure in a million years. A. what man will look like B. what will man look like C. man will look like what D. what look will man lik 44.―Is everything ______ we need to do ______? ―Yes. You needn’t worry about it. A. which, has done B. which, doing C. that, has done D. that, done 45. The small girl didn’t know ______ waiting for. A. whom they are B. whom are they C. whom they were D. whom were they 46. I think we’ll talk about it ______ after we both think ______. A. farther, it over B. farther, over it C. further, it over D. further, over it | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1~5 CBCCD 6~10 BAADC 11~15 BACCB 16~20 DABDB 21~25 AACDB
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