英语修辞的作用:英语也能说“反话”
茼麻子   
  Rhetoric is the art and study of the use of language with persuasive effect. In Aristotle‘s systematization of rhetoric, one important aspect of rhetoric to study and theorize was the three persuasive audience appeals: logos, pathos, and ethos, as well as the five canons of rhetoric: invention or discovery, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery. Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.
绽的读音
  英语中将借代通称为metonymy(换喻、转喻)。它是由某一事物名称来代替与该事物有关联的另一事物的名称,简而言之,就是借用甲来表示乙,但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处。
  比如:“The pen is mightier than the sword”,句中用pen 表power of literature,用sword代force。
  反语(Irony )就是说反话,英语来自希腊语eironeia,意思是dissimulation (掩饰),是一种通过正话反说或反话正说来取得讽刺、幽默效果的修辞手法。
现代教育理论  比如:1) Better luck than I did!(希望你小子更“走运”!)
  2) You are a big help!(你可真够“帮忙”啊!)
业绩目标  3) Only every spare minute!(“只不过”每一分钟的自由时间而已。)
  4) You are telling stories!(你讲的“真动听”啊!)
  双关语(pun)是英语中一种常见的修辞手法。该修辞格巧妙地利用词的谐音、词的多义或歧义等,在同一句话里同时表达不同的意义,以形成语言生动活泼、幽默诙谐或嘲弄讥讽的修辞效果,使人读来忍俊不禁。
  比如: 1)He is not a grave man until he is a grave man.垃圾分类小报
  2)They pray for you today and prey on you tomorrow. 第一句话,其中的grave有两个含义,一个是“严肃的”(形容词),一个是“坟墓”(名词),因此这句话的意思是:他不是一个严肃的人,除非他躺到坟墓里,才能严肃起来。再比如下面第二句话,其中的 pray(祈祷)和prey(捕食),发音相同,外形相似,因此这句话的意思是:他们今天为你祈祷,明天就会加害于你。