如何运用“无灵主语”
非人称作主语,即“无灵主语”,表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等,但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”,表示人或社会团体的动作和行为,往往带有拟人化修辞彩,语气含蓄,令人回味。
例1: I cannot express how I feel.
转为: Words fail me!
例2: She tried to be brave, but she couldn’t gather up her courage.
转为: She tried to be brave, but her courage failed/disappointed her.
一、“无灵主语”句的分类
无灵主语句式,根据主语的不同,具体可分为:
①时间和地点名词
②具体或者抽象事物的名词
③身心和情感状态的名词
④具有行为或动作意义的名词
⑤it作形式主语、there作引导词等
(一)时间和地点名词作无灵主语
谓语通常是see, witness, find, tell等有灵动词,有时可引申为“显示”“表明”“产生”等意义。
请根据中文意思补全英文句子
1. (在)上海发生了许多重大历史事件。
______________ witnessed many great historical events.
2. 过去三十年人们生活水平稳步提高。
_________________ saw the steady improvement in people’s living standard.
3. 过了一会儿他们来到一所村舍门口,主人敲了敲门。
_________________ brought them to a cottage door, at which the owner knocked.
4. 血迹斑斑的手套就是匪徒的罪证。
The blood-stained ______________ told of the bandit’s crime.
5. 在这体育场里举办过很多精彩的足球赛。
________________ has seen many exciting football matches.
(二)具体或者抽象事物的名词作无灵主语
作谓语的有灵动词大致分为两类:得失型动词和情感型使动词。
得失型动词: lost, get, gain, seize, take, come over, grip (gripped), reach, fail, save, win, desert, release, deprive (deprive of), rob sb. of ..., visit, face, escape, elude, slip (slipped), invite, bring sb. to ..., linger, creep, oppress, take (entire) possession of, fill sb. with ..., etc.
情感型使动词: surprise, disappoint, excite, disturb, determine, inspire, puzzle, annoy, trouble, irritate, shock, tear ... into pieces, depress, etc.
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
1. 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。
____________________ killed the sound of my footsteps.
2. 我忘了她的名字。
____________________ escaped/ eluded me/ slipped my mind.
3. 美景使这个地方颇有名气。
__________________ gained the place quite a reputation.
4. 他面临困难的抉择。
__________________ now faces him.
5. 她咬指甲的习惯使我生气
__________________ her nails irritates me.
(三)身心和情感状态的抽象名词作无灵主语
作谓语的有灵动词大致分为两类:得失型动词和情感型使动词。
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
1. 当他不得不说话时,他突然失去了信心。
When he had to speak, _________________ suddenly deserted/ escaped him.
2. 他忽然怒从心头起。
Then __________________ seized/ came over/ oppressed him.
3. 我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。
__________________ deprived me of all power of utterance.
4. 她焦虑不安,全身崩溃了。
___________________ tore her into pieces.
5. 恐惧慢慢向他袭来。
___________________ slowly creeps upon her.
(四)具有行为或动作意义的名词作无灵主语
通常是本身具有名词词性(如visit, interview等),或者动词的名词形式(如arrival, survival等),或者具有动词意味的名词(idea, thought, sight, sense等),与其他修饰词一起构成无灵主语句的主语,并且与其后的修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。作谓语的有灵动词,以使令动词为主,如remind, make, let, lead, send, leave, drive等。
注:无灵主语与其前后的修饰词构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
eg. 1: the president’s arrival (主谓)
eg. 2: the sight of the flowers(动宾)
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
1. 感觉身后全是男女生,我大脑一片空白。
__________________ of the boys and girls behind me made me forget everything (my mind go blank/ my mind is a blank).
2. 一见到那个孤儿,我就想起了她的父母。
__________________ of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.
3. 一想到要出国深造,他就兴奋不已。
__________________ that he will go abroad for further study made him excited.
4. 他心不在焉,差点儿出了车祸。
__________________ during the driving nearly caused an accident.
5. 他重游故居,不禁回忆起许多美好的回忆。
__________________ to the places where he had lived brought back many fond memories.
(五)It作为无灵主语的形式主语/ there作引导词
此类句子真正的主语是后面的词或从句,“it”作形式主语泛指一切事物 (情况) 或发挥某种句法功能,使句子语法完整,或者起强调作用,以增强语气。
请根据中文意思补全英文句子。
1. 我从没有想到她会这样的不诚实。
__________ never occurred to / hit / struck me that she was so dishonest.
2. 她带了雨伞,真是明智。
__________ was very wise of her to bring an umbrella.
3. 现在,大家都觉得当时对他的任命是个严重的错误。
__________ is generally felt that his appointment was a serious mistake.
4. 有人敲门。
__________ comes a knock at the door.
5. 有位女士给你打来好几次电话。
__________ has been a lady calling you several times.
二、如何运用“无灵主语”句
(一)运用“无灵主语”,突出人物的心理描写
采用无灵主语句来描写抽象的内在心理,使其更具象化,人物形象跃然纸上。
案例1
What if his ghost should rise up, angry at the way I was treated? The thought of it brought me no comfort, but only a growing terror.
写作句式:“事物或行为名词+有灵动词+sb. (因果关系)”,译为“某事使某人怎么了”。
汉译:如果他的鬼魂出来对我的遭遇感到愤怒,会怎么样呢?一想到这,我不但没有得到安慰,反而更加恐惧。
案例2
Horror and grief描写人物的英语作文 gave way to a desire to see her, but the nurse would not let me.
写作句式:“情绪名词+有灵动词+sb.”,译为“某人觉得怎么了”。
汉译:恐惧和悲痛也无法抑制想见她的强烈渴望,但护士就是不让我去。
小练
请运用无灵主语和有灵动词填空,突显人物的心理描写。
1. 天越来越黑,越来越黑,我的勇气沉下去了。
It grew darker and colder, and my _________ __________.
2. 如此静谧的生活中,这真是一个令人兴奋的下午。一想到要和费尔法斯太太一起回到桑菲尔德过夜,我就厌烦了,于是我一路沿着墙久久徘徊。
It had been an exciting afternoon in such a quiet life. The ________ of going back to Thornfield for an evening with Mrs Fairfax _________ me, and I lingered over the wall home.
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