虚拟语气在名词性从句中
(要点精讲)
虚拟语气(The Subjunctive Mood)表示说话人所说的话不是事实,而是一种假设,愿望,怀疑或推测。虚拟语气主要用于if条件状语从句,也可用于名词性从句中。
一、用于主语从句中
1.It is + adj. + that从句
当it作形式主语,当描述主语的形容词是advisable,critical,crucial,desirable,essential,imperative,important,incredible,inevitable,necessary,strange,urgent等时,后面的主语从句中多用虚拟语气,即用should+动词原形,should常省略。
It is essential that this mission not fail. 这项任务不失败至关重要。
It was necessary that some immediate effort be made. 做出一些立即的努力是必要的。
It is necessary that the customs of all national minorities be respected. 尊重少数民族的各种风俗习惯是十分必要的。
It is not surprising that Alfred should have married Amy. Alfred和Amysuggest的名词已经结婚毫不奇怪。
It is strange that he should have learned so much in such a short time. 很奇怪他竟然在如此短的时间内学了那么多的东西。
2.It is + V-ed + that从句
在这种句型中,动词通常为order,command,suggest,advise,request,require,demand等,后面的主语从句多用虚拟语气,即should+动词原形,should常省略。
It’s suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 据建议会议被推迟到下周。
It was ordered that the wounded soldiers be sent to the field hospital at once. 据命令受伤的士兵被马上送往战地医院。
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚前准备就绪。
注意:“坚决要命”类动词所接的四种名词性从句(主从、宾从、表从、同位语从句)中用法都如此。“坚决要命”:insist,advise,suggest,propose,decide,require,request,desire,demand,order,command等。
3.It’s time + that从句
本句型中that可省略,time可由high、about修饰,从句中的谓语动词有两种形式,或者用动词的过去式(be用were),表示与现在相反;或者用should + 动词原形(should不能省略),表示与将来相反。此句型为虚拟语气句型,表示“某人该做某事了”。含有该事早该去做而未做,现在去做似乎都为时已晚的意思。
It’s time (that) we went to bed. 我们该去睡觉了。
It’s high time that the article were published. 发表这篇文章是适时的。
It’s time you should do cleaning. 你该去打扫卫生了。
二、用于宾语从句中
(1)一般过去时:wish that sb. did sth./wish that sb. were ...,表示目前不可能实现的愿望。
How I wish I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
我是多么希望我是一只鸟,这样就能在天空中自由地飞翔了。(事实上不是)
How I wish it weren’t raining now!
我多么希望现在没有下雨啊!(事实上现在正在下)
(2)过去完成时:wish that sb. had done sth.,表示在过去没有实现的愿望。
I wish I had not told a lie then. 我多么希望那时我没有说谎啊!(事实上我那时说谎了)
I wish I had not made so many mistakes in the last exam. 我多么希望在上次的考试中我没犯那么多的错啊!(事实上上次考试我犯了很多错)
(3)过去将来时:wish that sb. would/could/might do sth.,表示将来没有把握或不可能实现的愿望。
I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她会站在我这一边。(她不一定会站在我这边)
I wish you would stay an hour longer. 我希望你再呆一个小时。(表示没把握,对方不一定会继续呆)
I wish it could stop raining. 但愿雨能停。(雨不一定停)
注意:由于wish和hope的汉语意思差不多,在使用上往往容易出错。
wish一般表示“希望”、“但愿”,表示不太可能实现的愿望,后接从句时要用虚拟语气;hope是“希望、期盼”的意思,普通用语,表达主观愿望,并对其实现抱有信心,后面可以跟that从句,用陈述语气。
比较下面两句
The students hope that their football team will win the game.
学生们希望他们的足球队获胜。(可能实现)
I wish I could see him now.
我希望现在就能看到他。(不可能实现)
2.在would rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中用虚拟语气。
(1)一般过去时:would rather sb. did sth./would rather sb. were …表示与现在或将来相反。
I’d rather you came tomorrow. 我宁可你明天来。
(2)过去完成时:would rather sb. had done sth.表示与过去相反。
I’d rather you hadn’t told him the news. 我宁可你没有告诉他那则新闻。
3.在advise,demand,insist(坚持要),order,propose,request,require,suggest(建议)后的宾语从句中用should+动词原形,should常省略。
The doctor advised that she remain in bed a few more days. 医生建议她再卧床几天。
I demanded that he do it at once. 我要求他马上做。
They recommend that this tax be abolished. 他们建议取消这种税。
I suggest (that) we not jump to a conclusion. 我建议我们不要跳到结论。
He ordered that all (should) take part in the work. 他命令大家都要参加这项工作。
They requested that we (should) have lunch with them. 他们要求我们和他们一起吃午饭。
注意:动词suggest和insist后面的宾语从句,应根据不同情况选用陈述语气或虚拟语气。
(1)suggest作“建议”解时,用虚拟语气;作“暗示,表明”解时,用陈述语气。
比较下列句子:
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的笑容表明他很满意我们的工作。(“表明”,用陈述语气)
His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.
他的沉默暗示他赞同我的决定。(“暗示”,用陈述语气)
He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.
他建议我坚持自己的决定。(“建议”,用虚拟语气)
(2)insist表示“坚持”“主张”,其后通常接that从句作宾语。后接that-从句根据意思的不同而分为两种情况:第一种是表示“坚持要”“一定要”,从句所指的一般是尚未实现的事实,此时谓语通常用虚拟语气(即should+动词原形)。如:I insist that you (should) see the doctor. 我坚持你要看医生。第二种是表示“坚持说”“坚持认为”,从句所指的通常是已经发生的事或已存在的状态,谓语一般用陈述语气。如:He still insisted he wasn’t there at the time. 他仍然坚持说他当时不在那儿。
比较下列句子:
My mother insists that we (should) keep a watchdog.
我妈妈坚持要我们养条看门狗。
(“坚持要”,事情尚未发生,用虚拟语气)
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚称他从来没有偷钱。
(“坚称”,已经发生的事,用陈述语气)
三、用于表语从句中
在表示建议、劝告、命令(advice,demand,order,proposal,request,suggestion等)等含义的名词后的表语从句中,谓语动词要用“should + 动词原形”结构,should常省略。
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