高考英语复习之名词性从句考点讲与析
兰州市外国语高中 张永强
一、英语主从复合句中从句的分类：
1、名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句；
2、形容词性从句：定语从句（限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句）；
3、副词性从句：状语从句（时间状语从句、地点状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句）。
二、明确从句的三大属性：
1、从句的本质是句子，即句子必须有主语和谓语结构；
3、从句的语序始终是陈述语序，倒装与从句无关。
三、名词性从句的引导词分为三类：
1、that：没有意义，在从句中不做成分，只起连接作用，陈述一件事，信息确定；
2、whether/ if：有一定意义，不做成分，表明信息具有不确定性；
3、wh-类词，分为连接代词和连接副词，有意义，在从句中要么作主语或宾语，有时候作表语，要么作状语。
Notes: 选择引导词时，先确定从句的类型，然后根据从句中信息的完整与否确定用连接代词或者连接副词，再做进一步的辨析和选择。
四、名词性从句引导词选用的几个原则和注意事项：
1、三类引导词各自有意不可混用或叠用：
e.g. The man told me that he had travelled through the small county already.
My mother asked me whether/ if I would go there alone the next week.
The boy is no longer what he used to be.
They don’t know why she made the choice about her job.
2、名词性从句中又套有从句时可以出现引导词并联的情形：
e.g. Their teacher said that when the class was over, there would be a lecture.
She told them that what she had seen really frightened her.
He informed us that if there should be electricity failure, we’d better stay inside.
They showed us that that he came from the countryside didn’t stop him from achieving his dreams.
3、that与what有区别：that没有意义、不做成分；what有意义作主要成分，在名词性从句中作主语、宾语或表语，理解为“所…的…”或“什么”。
e.g. What he said at the meeting impressed us a lot.(=The words that)
She didn’t accept what I bought for her.(=the things that)
I am no longer what I used to be five years ago.(=the person that)
China is no longer suggest的名词what she was twenty years ago.(=the country that)
A new school has been set up in what was a factory last century.(=the place that)
She was at a loss what she should say to him.
4、whether与if有区别：if一般只用于引导宾语从句，且当从句中有or not或着从句作介词的宾语时，只能使用wheher表达“是否”。
e.g. I have no idea whether the teacher come here or not.
Your success will mainly depend on whether you have got well prepared.
5、that与whether或if有区别：都不做成分，但前者表达的信息是确定的，后者表达的信息具有不确定性。
e.g. I don’t know whether/ if he is interested in folk music.
I know that he isn’t fond of reading novles.
6、what与which有区别：which表示在一定范围中的“哪一个”或“哪一些”，而what没有范围限制且有自己的特定意义。
e.g. There are so many shoes on sale and she doesn’t know which she should buy.
She has just a little money and she doesn’t know what she can buy with it.
7、that的省略有讲究：一般而言，在引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时that都不能省略；在引导宾语从句时也不能轻易省略，尤其在有并列的从句时，一般第一个that可以省略，后边的that不能省略。
e.g. I don’t think (that) you’re right.
The boy said (that) he came from a remote village and that he missed his parents.
8、who与whoever有区别：一般而言，who引导的名词性从句侧重点在于说一件事，而whoever引导的名词性从句强调的是做事的人。
e.g. Who will go there has not been decided yet.
Whoever will go there should get well prepared for any situations possible.
9、what与whatever有区别：前者只能引导名词性从句，而后者要么相当于anything that引导名词性从句，要么相当于no matter what引导让步状语从句。
e.g. Whatever can be eaten has been eaten up.(名词性从句)
Whatever you may say, I just won’t believe you.(让步状语从句)
10、whoever与whomever有区别：前者在从句中作主语或宾语，后者只作宾语。
e.g. You should give this letter to whoever is in charge of the office.
You should give this letter to whoever/ whomever you see in the office.
11、关注when与if引导的从句中的时态：when和if还可以引导状语从句，从句中不使用将来时态；在引导宾语从句时从句中的时态根据情况决定。
e.g. I don’t know if/ when he will come this evening; but if/ when he comes, I will let you know.
12、关注question与problem后接名词性从句在引导词上的差异：question是需要回答的“问题”；problem是需要解决的“问题”。所以question后的名词性从句引导词不能使用that。
e.g. My question is whether you will arrive there on time if you walk there.
Our problem is that nobody here can help us repair our car.
13、关注doubt后接名词性从句引导词的差异：doubt既可用作名词也可用作动词，一般而言，只要用在肯定句中，从句用whether或if引导；用在否定句中，从句用that引导。
e.g. There is no doubt that China is the largest developing country in the world.
She is in great doubt whether her mother will recover from the illness.
14、关注mind后的宾语从句的时态：
e.g. Would you mind if I opened the window now?
Do you mind if I smoke here?
15、关注形式宾语代替宾语从句的情形：有两种情形：
1)英语动词like, hate, make, take, appreciate及短语see to, depend on等后面经常会跟上形式宾语it(近似于古汉语中的结构助词)。
e.g. I hate it when you speak with your mouth full.
You should see to it that everyone here can have a chair to sit on.
I would appreciate it if you closed the door after you.
2)英语动词think, believe, consider, find, make等后面经常接it作形式宾语再加宾语补足语，然后跟上that引导的宾语从句。
e.g. We must make it clear that we don’t take sides in the argument.
They made it a rule that all the students should wear their school uniforms.
She thinks it impossible that she can catch up with others in English.
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