介词和介词短语
1. 介词的功能
介词是一种虚词，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)
The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)
Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)
2. 常用介词的用法辨析
below反义词（1）表时间的介词
1）at, in on
表示时间点用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2）for, since
由since和for都和现在完成时连用，表示谓语动词持续了多长时间。for后接一段时间，since后接一个表示过去的一个时间点。例如：
I have been here for ten years.
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
3）in, after 多长时间之后
in与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He returned after a month.
（2）表示地点的介词
1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2）over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具体含义不同。over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方（垂直，不接触），其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方（不垂直，不接触），其反义词是below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面（垂直接触）。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3）across, through
across和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示从事物表面穿过。Throgh的含义与in有关，表示从内部穿过。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
(3)表示包括，排除
Except 除...之外 besides 除... 之外, 还有
例如:
They all went to the museum except Tom.
Who else is going to play football besides Tom?
3. 介词的固定搭配
介词往往同其他词类形成了固定搭配关系。记住这种固定搭配关系，才能正确使用介词。
（1）介词与动词的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for， wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介词与名词的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
（3）介词与形容词的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4.介词的兼词现象
有些单词，既可以作连词，也可以作介词， 而有些单词既可以作介词，又可以作副词。如：
（1） after 和 before 这两个单词既可以作连词，也可以作介词。作连词时后面接从句，作介词时接名词或v-ing形式。如：
After I heard the joke, I didn’t understand what it meant.
I am going to the playground to play basketball after school.
You should take off your shoes before you go into a Japanese home.
You should take off your shoes before going into a Japanese home.
(2) above 和 below 这两个单词可以作介词也可以作副词。 如：
Funny poems, like the one below, come from a long tradition in English.
(below 为副词， 作定语修饰 the one)
Don’t write below the line.(below 和the line 构成介词短语作状语)
一. 单项选择：
1. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived ____ 5 o’clock ___ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
2. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.
A. beside B. about C. except D. with
3. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.
A. on B. as C. for D. of
4. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.
A. since B. in C. on D. by
5. ---What is a writing brush, do you know?
---It’s _______ writing and drawing.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
6. English is widely used ____ travellers and business people all over the world.
A. to B. for C. as D. by
7. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.
A. Under B. In C. With D. On
8. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.
A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in
9. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.
---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.
A. in B. of C. with D. off
10. Japan lies ______ the east of China.
A. to B. in C. about D. At
11.Linda’s teacher was so mad ____ here because she made lots of mistakes in the test.
A.at B.in C.on D.about
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