Preparision for As chemistry 1 Symbols and names of elements
元素的名称与符号
Aluminium Al 铝 Germanium Ge 锗Antimony Sb 锑 Gold Au 金Argon Ar 氩 Helium He 氦Arsenic As 砷 Hydrogen H 氢Barium Ba 钡 Iodine I 碘Beryllium Be 铍 Iron Fe 铁Bismuth Bi 铋 Krypton Kr 氪Boron B 硼 Lead Pb 铅Bromine Br 溴 Lithium Li 锂Caesium Cs 铯 Magnesium Mg 镁Calium Ca 钙 Manganese Mn 锰Carbon C 碳 Mercury Hg 汞Chlorine Cl 氯 Neon Ne 氖Chromium Cr 铬 Nitrogen N 氮Cobalt Co 钴 Oxygen O 氧Gpper Cu 铜 Phosphorus P 磷Fluorine F 氟 Platinum Pt 铂Francium Fr 钫 Polonium Po 钋Gallium Ga 镓 Potassium K 钾Radium Ra 镭 Radon Rn 氡
Rubidium Rb 铷 Selenium Se 硒
Silicon Si 硅 Silver Ag 银
Sodium Na 钠 Strontium Sr 锶
Tin Sn 锡 Titanium Ti 钛
Tungsten W 钨 Uranium U 铀
Vanadium V 钒 Xenon Xe 氙
Zinc Zn 锌
2前20号元素
3金属活动顺序表
K Ca Na Mg Li Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
4中国的初三知识
(1)acids bases salts 之间的 reactions要留清白在人间
酸碱盐反应
(2)复分解反应条件(↑↓H2O生成)
(3)盐的溶解性口诀：钾钠铵，硝酸溶，硫酸去铅钡，盐酸去银汞，其他都不
溶。(HCO3-盐一定可溶)
常见强酸：HCl、H2SO4、HNO3、H3PO4.(中强酸)
常见强酸：NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Ca(OH)2.(中强酸)
CHAPTER 1
Atomic structure 原子结构
By the end of this chapter you should be able to:
1 recognise and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their
relative charges and relative masses;
炒凉粉2 desctibe the distribution of mass and charge within an atom;
能够描述一个原子内部微粒的电量和质量的分布；
3 desctibe the contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in
terms of atomic number and mass number;
能够描述质子、中子对原子数和质量数的贡献；
4 deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both
atoms and ions from given atomic and mass numbers;
对于给定质量数原子和离子，可以推出其质子数、中子数和电子数；
5 describe the behaviour of protons, neutrons and electrons in electric
fieids;
能够描述在电场中质子、中子和电子的行为；
6 distinguish between isotopes on the basis of different numbers of
陕西科技大学是几本
neutrons present;
能够区别有不同中子数的同位素；
7 explain the terms first ionisation energy and successive ionisati on
energies of an element in terms of 1 mole of gaseous atoms or ions;
能够解释一摩尔气态原子或离子的第一离子能量和连续离子能量的概念；
8 explain that ionization energies are influenced by nuclear charge,
atomic radius and electron shielding;
可以解释原子电离能受核电荷数、原子半径和屏蔽作用的影响；
9 predict the number of electrons in each principal quantum shell of an
element from its successive ionization energies;
通过连续电离子能，能够预测某元素在每个量级轨道上的电子数目；
10 describe the shapes of s and p orbitals;
能够描述s和p层的形状；
11 describe the numbers and relative energies of the s , p and d orbitals
for the principal quantum numbers 1,2,3 and also the 4s and 4p orbitals;
全球英文能够描述量子数为1，2和3的s,p和d 轨道的数量和相对能量，还有4s 和4p的；
12 deduce the electronic configurations of atoms up to Z=36 and ions,
given the atomic number and charge, limited to s and p blocks up to Z=36.
对于给定的原子序数和电量（仅限于s和p区，36号以下元素），能够推1Structure of atom 原子结构
proton (质子) nuclei
(1)Atom 原子核 neutron(中子) electron/核外电子(绕核运动) (2)质子，中子，电子，相对电荷数量
带1单位正电荷 +1.6×10-19
proton
有质量，relative mass 约是1 without charge 不带电
neutron
有质量，relative mass 约是1
negatively charged(一单位的负电荷)-1.6×10-19
electron
mass 质量很小，几乎可以忽略
(3) For an atom, number of electron = number of proton = Atomic number
(4) Nucleon number(质量数) = proton number + neutron number
X B
A
( B:nucleon number, A:proton number/atomic number)
中子数 = B – A
(5) Almost the total mass of an atom rest on nuclei, because mass of南京大屠时间纪念日1937
electrons is very small relative to proton and neutron .
原子的数量几乎全部集中在原子核上，因为电子的质量市质子中子的几千
分之一。
proton number equals to electron number 原子核内 质子数等于核外电子数，所以原子显中性。 (6) deduce number of protons neutrons, electrons of an atom or onions
in term of atomic number and mass number. 根据原子序数与质量数推出质子、中子、电子数。
-F 19
9 +Na 23
11 -23216
S -3NO (7) behavior of protons. electrons and neutron in electric field.
(8) isotopes 同位素
定义：Atoms which have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Because electrons hold the key to almost the whole of chemistry,
so isotopes have the same chemistry. 因为电子几乎决定了原陈登
子的所
有化学性质，所以同位素的化学性质相同。
2 ionisation energy 电离能
(1) 定义：the first ionisation energy of an element is the amount of
energy needed to remove one electron from each atom in a
mole of atoms of an element in the gaseons state.
第一电离能指当从 |mo| 元素的气态每个原子中移去1个电子，所
以需的能量
(2) Symbol Hi1 Hi2 Hi3
符号第一电离能第二电离能 .......
(3) factors affected ionisation energy(影响电离能的因素)
因素(i):The size of the nuclear charge.(核电荷的大小)
The nuclear charge increases, ionisation energy increase
因素(ii):The distance of the electron from the nucleus.(电子离核的距离)
The distance↑，attractive foics↓, ionisation energy↓
因素(iii):The “shielding” effect by electrons in filled inner shells.(内层电子的屏蔽作用)
导致连续电离能增加，且有大的飞跃。
(4) Successive ionisation energy 连续电离能的特征P9 Table.
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