在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund1983年属猪的婚配）；分词（包括现在分词（the Present Participle）和过去分词（the Past Participle）。
非谓语动词的句法功能：
句子成分 非谓语 | 表语 | 水龙头十大品牌 宾语 | 补语 | 定语 | 状语 | |
不定式（to do） | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 我的同桌600字
动名词(V-ing) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | （极少） | ✓ | |
现在分词(V-ing) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
过去分词(V-ed) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
注意：分词按其构成及意思上的主被动关系不同，可分为现在分词和过去分词。虽然现在分词和过去分词在句子中所作的成分大体相同，但在意思上有主动和被动之分。一般说来，现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动。两者所表示的时间也不相同，现在分词表示正在进行，而过去分词则表示已经完成。
现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
1.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
1)分词作状语分词在句子中作状语，可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。分词做状语时，它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。作状语的分词相当于一个状语从句。
1.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
=_______________________________, they all jumped with joy.
2.Using what you know of word stems and word formations, you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
= _________________________________________, ou can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
3.Given better attention, the plants could grow better.
=__________________________, the plants could grow better.
4.He looked tired and depressed, disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
4.He looked tired and depressed, disturbed by the news of his mother's illness.
=_____________________________________, He looked tired and depressed.
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。
分词在句子中作状语，使用何种分词，要取决于分词与句子主语的关系：主谓关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。
5.Not having enough hands, we turned to them for help.(we don't have enough hands).
6.Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .
6.Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. (we are taught/teach us) .
7.Inspired by the international help, the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. (the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people)
看图列算式8.____the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. (cet-4 1996,6)
a)having believed b) believing c) believed d) being believed
本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，即分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此应用现在分词，答案为b.
9.No matter how frequently ____, the works of beethoven always attract large audiences. (cet-4 1995,6)
a) performing b) performed c) to be performed d) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为b.
a)having believed b) believing c) believed d) being believed
本句意思为：相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从边上掉下去。许多人与相信之间是主谓关系，即分词与主语之间为主谓关系。因此应用现在分词，答案为b.
9.No matter how frequently ____, the works of beethoven always attract large audiences. (cet-4 1995,6)
a) performing b) performed c) to be performed d) being performed
本句中贝多芬的作品被反复表演，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为b.
10. ___as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (cet-4 1996,1)
a) being published b) published c) publishing d) to be published
本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为b.
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，
a) being published b) published c) publishing d) to be published
本句中as引导的是让步状语从句，意思为：他的作品尽管在被这样的时候出版，还是引起了关注，可见分词与句子的主语之间是被动关系，应该用过去分词，故答案为b.
2)“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)＋分词”结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时，
有时可以在分词前加while，when, once, although, until, if等连词。
11.When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.while waiting for the train, i had a long talk with my sister about her work..
12.Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
13. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.if translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
练习：
11.When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.while waiting for the train, i had a long talk with my sister about her work..
12.Once recovered, he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
13. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam.if translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.
练习：
1. Sunday, the students are at home.
A. Being B. To be C. It is D. It being
2.The boy lay on his back, his teeth 实习期闯红灯and his glaring eyes .
A. set； looked B. set； looking C. setting； looked D. setting； looking
3.All the thing＿＿＿＿，his proposal is of greater value than yours.
A. considered B. considering C. to consider D. consider
4.＿＿＿＿who she was, she said she was Mr.Johnson’s friend.
A. Asking B. Asked C. To be asked D. When asking
5.He hurried to the station,＿＿＿the 9：30 train had already left.
A. to find B. found C. only to find D. only finding
6.Which do you enjoy ＿＿＿your weekends, fishing or watching TV?
A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend
7.＿＿＿all my letters, I had a drink and went out.
A. Finished B. Having finished C. Finishing D. To finish
8.She had no money ＿＿＿a birthday present for her children.
A. to buy with B. buying C. bought D. with which to buy
9.From the dates＿＿＿on the gold coin, it is conformed that it was made five hundred years ago.
A. marking B. marked C. to be marked D. having been marked
10.＿＿＿＿study的过去分词time and labour, cartoonists generally draw the hands of their characters with only 3 fingers and a thumb.
A. To save B. Saved C. Saving D. Having saved
11.O’Neal works hard. He is often seen ＿＿＿heavily before his teammates start.
A. sweated B. to be sweated C. sweating D. being sweated
12.I can hardly imagine Peter＿＿＿across the Atlantic Ocean in 15 days.
A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. to have sailed
13.Such＿＿＿the case, I couldn’t help but ＿＿＿＿ him.
A. being； support B. is； to support C. has been； supporting D. be； supported
14.Does the way you thought of＿＿＿the water clean make any sense?
A. making B. to make C. how to make D. having made
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