(一)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词 动词的过去式和过去分词是初中英语教学中的重点,而有些动词的不规则变化是这些重点中的难点,但这些不规则变化也不是毫无规律可循的。现将初中英语中一些常用的不规则动词变化介绍如下。 cut-cut-cut, hit-hit-hit, put-put-put, cost-cost-cost, let-let-let, shut-shut-shut, set-set-set, hurt-hurt-hurt, spread-spread-spread 特殊:动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致,read-read-read,但发音分别是[ri:d]-[red]-[red]。 二、有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的。如: come-came-come, become-became-become, run-ran-run, overcome-overcame-overcome 三、有些动词的过去式和过去分词相同。如: 1. 把单词结尾的字母d改为t。如: lend-lent-lent, spend-spent-spent, send-sent-sent 2. 改变单词中间元音字母。如: sit-sat-sat, win-won-won, shine-shone-shone, hold-held-held 3. 以eep结尾的动词,把eep改为ept。如: keep-kept-kept, sleep-slept-slept, sweep-swept-swept 4. 过去式和过去分词都以augh或ough结尾的动词。如: buy-bought-bought, fight-fought-fought, think-thought-thought, bring-brought-brought, teach-taught-taught, catch-caught-caught 5. 有的以ay结尾的动词,在过去式和过去分词中把ay变成aid。如: say-said-said, lay-laid-laid, pay-paid-paid 6. 另有一些其它形式的变化。如: have-had-had, learn-learnt-learnt, leave-left-left, lose-lost-lost, make-made-made, meet-met-met, feel-felt-felt 四、有些动词原形中含有字母i,在过去式中变i为a,在过去分词中变i为u。如: 五、以字母ow或aw结尾的动词,在变成过去式时,通常把元音字母变成e,在变成过去分词时,通常只在词尾加n。如: blow- blew- blown, draw-drew-drawn, grow-grew-grown, throw-threw-thrown, know-knew-known 六、有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en,变成以en结尾的单词。如: rise-rose-risen, give-gave-given, take-took-taken, fall-fell-fallen, drive-drove-driven, eat-ate-eaten 特殊: write-wrote-written, speak-spoke-spoken, ride-rode-ridden, get-got-gotten (二)、动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则 动词过去式和过去分词有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1) 规则变化 情况 例词 读音与说明 动词原形畲族 过去式 过去分词 一般在动词原形后加-ed look -looked - looked [lukt] call -called -called [kC:ld] open -opened -opened [5EupEnd] need -needed-needed [ni:did] ①-ed在清辅音音素后发音为〔t〕,在浊辅音后发音为〔d〕,在元音后发音也为[d] ②-ed在〔t]、〔d〕 后发音为[id] ③但fix的过去式和过去分词x不双写,为fixed. 以-e结尾的动词加-d move -moved -moved [mu:vd] phone -phoned -phoned [fEund] hope -hoped -hoped [hEupt] agree -agreed -agreed [E5^ri:d] 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词,变y为i,再加-ed study -studied - studied [5stQdid] carry -carried-carried [5kArid] try -tried-tried [traid] 以原音字母加y结尾的词,直接加-ed play -played -played [pleid] enjoy -enjoyed -enjoyed [in5dVCid] stay -stayed -stayed [steid] 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop -stopped -stopped [stCpt] plan -planned -planned [plAnd] fit -fitted -fitted [5fitid] 以-r音节结尾的词,双写r字母, 再加-ed prefer -preferred -preferred [prI`f:d] refer- referred -referred [ri5fE:] 2) 不规则变化 英语中有些动词的过去式和过去分词形式变化不规则,可分为五种情况。 1.动词原形、过去式和过去分词完全同形。 cut(切) ,hit(打) ,cast(扔),hurt(伤害),put(放) ,let(让) shut(关) ,cost(花费) ,set(放) ,rid(清除) , 2.过去式与过去分词完全同形。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 find(到) pay(支付) leave(离开) lend(借出) meet(遇见) keep(保持) lose(丢失) teach(教) sit(坐) lead(引导) win(赢)除) 3.动词原形与过去分词同形 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 come(来) -came -come run(跑) -ran- run become(成为) -became-become 4.动词原形、过去式、过去分词形式完全不同。 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 give(给) -gave -given fly(飞) -flew -flown drink(喝)- drank -drunk see(看见)- saw -seen go(去) -went -gone know(知道) -knew -known wear(穿) -wore -worn speak(说) -spoke -spoken 5.过去式和过去分词有两种形式 例: 原形 过去式 过去分词 burn(燃烧)-- burned /burnt -- burned /burnt learn(学习)-- learned /learnt --learned /learnt smell(闻)-- smelled /smelt --smelled /smelt spell (拼写)-- spelled /spelt -- spelled /spelt shine (照射)-- shined /shone --shined /shone leap (跳)-- leaped /leapt --leaped /leapt 提示 a. beat的过去式与原形同形: 比:beat(打击) beat(过去式) beaten(过去分词) b. lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:lie lied, lied(说谎) lay, lain(躺,位于) c. hang 有规则变化和不规则变化两种,含义不同 比:hang hanged, hanged(处绞刑) hung, hung(挂,吊) d. welcome(欢迎)一词是规则动词,不可误用为不规则动词 比:welcome welcomed, welcomed(正) welcome, welcome(误) e.脸上长黄褐斑不要将不规则动词误用为规则动词 比:hit(打) hit, hit(正) hitted, hitted(误) (三)、不规则动词过去式和过去分词归纳莫名的意思是什么 A. 原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同. cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut put----put----put let----let----let set----set----set hit----hit----hit shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt read---read----read 读音 /e/ lie---lied---lied 说谎 lay---laid---laid 放置,下蛋 lay--- lain 躺下,位于,平放 eg. The hens don’t _______eggs during such cold weather. She _____ her books on the table. ____ B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同 1. 过去式和过去分词中含有ought, aught, 读音是[ :t] bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought buy----bought----bought catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught 2. 动词原形中的e为o,变成过去式和过去分词。 get----got----got sell----sold----sold tell----told----told 3. 动词原形中i为a, … sit----sat----sat spit----spat----spat 4. 动词原形中i为o, … win----won----won shine----shone/ shined----shone / shined 5. 动词原形中an为oo, … stand----stood---stood understand----understood----understood 6. 动词原形中的ay为ai,… say----said----said pay----paid----paid 7. a)动词原形中的d为t,… send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent spend----spent----spent build----built----built b ) 动词原形最后一个字母改为t , … smell----smelt----smelt lose----lost----lost c ) 动词原形后加一个字母t, … learn----learnt----learnt mean----meant----meant 读音/e/ d ) 动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t. 字母e发音/e/ feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept sweep---swept----swept keep---- kept----- kept 其它 meet----met----met have----had----had hold----held----held make----made----made dig----dug----dug hear----heard----heard find----found----found hang----hung ----hung C.原型与过去分词相同 come----came----come run----ran----run become----became----become D. 原形,过去式, 和 过去分词完全不同 1. 把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式,改成u变成过去分词. begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk ring----rang-----rung swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung 2. 把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式,在原形词尾加n喝酒后多久才能开车变成过去分词. blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown know---knew---known throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown ( 和以上相似) 3. 以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾,故把它们分为一类. a ) 把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式,在词尾加n变成过去分词. drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen write---wrote---written (双写t ) ride----rode----ridden (双写d ) b ) 把动词原形中ea改为o, 在词尾加e变成过去式,在过去式后加n变成过去分词. speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen break----broke----broken c ) 把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式, 在过去式后加n变成过去分词. wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten (双写t,加en ) d) 其它过去分词以en结尾的动词 eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten fall----fell----fallen give----gave----given see----saw----seen take----took----taken mistake---- mistook----- mistaken hide----hid----hidden (双写d ) E. 没有过去分词的动词 can ----- could - may---- might - shall---- should- will ---- would - 其它 am, is -- was-- been are--were-- been do--did--done draw-----drew----- drawn go-----went----- gone show----showed----shown wear--- wore ---- worn 不规则动词的过去式 不规则动词的过去式是同学们学习的重点,也是一个难点。同学们应通过不规则动词的动词原形和它们的过去式出其变化规律,总结如下: 1. 把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。过去分词不变.如: become—became, come—came 2.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如: begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam ,sink—sank, 3.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如: drive—drove,ride—rode,shine—shone,win—won,write—wrote 4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如: get—got,forget—forgot 5.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如: keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept 6. 动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如: stand—stood,understand—understood 7.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如: draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed) 8.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如: break—broke,speak—spoke 9.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如: sell—sold,tell—told 10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是[ :t]的过去式。如: bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught 11.以ould结尾且读音为[ud]的情态动词过去式。如: can—could,shall—should,will—would 12.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如: hear[hi ]—heard[h :d], say[sei]—said[sed], mean[mi:n]—meant[ment], dream—dreamt [dremt] 13.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如: cut—cut, hit—hit, hurt—hurt, let—let,must—must, put—put,read—read[red],set—set 14. 动词的过去式有两种形式。如: dream—dreamed/ dreamt learn—learnt/ learned shine—shone/ shined smell—smelt/ smelled wake—woke/ waked 15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如: c程序设计语言 am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell, feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have /has— had,hide—hid, hold—held,lay—laid,leave—left,lie—laystudy的过去分词,lose—lost,make—made,may— might,run—ran,see—saw, smell—smelt,take—took,wake—woke, wear—wore |
动词过去式和过去分词的变化规则 (语法小知识)
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