动词不定式用法详细讲解
燕窝怎么炖好吃又营养动词不定式用法详细讲解
1、构成及特征
动词不定式(infinitive)是动词的一种非限定形式，即非谓语动词形式，它有两种形式：一种是“to + 动词原形”构成（to- infinitive）；另一种是不带to的不定式,即动词原形(bare- infinitive)。所有行为动词都有不定式形式，其否定式是在不定式前加not。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保留有动词的特点：（1）可以有时式和语态的变化，也可以有自己的宾语或状语，它们一起构成了不定式短语。He tried to work out the problem in five minutes.他试图在五分钟之内算出这道题。（带宾语和状语）
The factory to be built here next year is a car factory.明年在这里建的工厂是一家汽车制造厂。（有语态的变化）
（2）动词不定式还具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、补
语、定语、状语等成分。
He wants to study English.他想学英语。（to study English在句中作want的宾语，而to study又有自己的宾语English, to study和English一起构成了不定式短语。）Never to offend anyone is his principle.不得罪人是他的原则。（不定式作主语）
注意：不定式在许多场合具有情态意义。作主语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的主语从句；作宾语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的宾语从句；作定语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的定语从句；作目的状语时，相当于so that 或in order that引导的目的状语从句。
It is right for her to say so.(= It is right that she should say so.)她这样说是对的。
He has a lot of work to do.(=…that he should do)他有很多工作要做。
I don’t know where to get the ticket.(= …where I could get the ticket.)我不知道哪里能买到票。
She opened the door for the children to come in.(= …so that the children might come in)她打开门目的是让孩子进来。
2、动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
主动语态被动语态
一般式to write to be written
进行式to be writing
完成式to have written to have been written
完成进行式to have been writing
（1）不定式的时态意义
不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的。
①不定式的一般式
They made plans to live in Paris.他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在made plans之后）I heard them talk in whispers all the time at the meeting.我听见他们会议期间一直小声说话。（不定式talk与谓语动词heard同时发生）
②不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
插叙的作用He pretended to be listening to me carefully.他假装认真地听我讲。
When he came in ,I happened to be reading the novel.他进来时，我碰巧正在读小说。注意：不定式的进行式常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情态动词连用，表示“可能、应当或想必”正在进行的动作。
You oughtn’t to be talking so much. 你不应该说这么多。
He might be reading a novel at that time. 那时他可能正在读小说。
It is good to sit here with you.(坐下来时讲这句话)
study的过去分词It is good to be sitting here with you.(一坐在座位上时讲这句话)
He is said to write a preface to the book.(表示将来)
He is said to be writing a preface to the book.（表示进行）
③不定式的完成式
不定式的完成时表达下列意义：
a. 不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
cbd商圈是什么意思I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（to have kept发生在I am sorry所表示的时间之前）
She is said to have just completed a novel.据说她刚完成一部小说。（to have just completed a novel发生在She is said所表示的时间之前）
b. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have + 过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。
I meant to have done the work before Sunday.我本想星期天前完成这项工作。（没完成）
I was to have been a doctor.我本打算当个医生。（没当成）
I intended to have come to see you.我本打算来看你的。(但没来)
C .用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。
I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那见过她。（see在seem之前发生）
He was believed to have been a reporter.都认为他从前干过记者。
描写花的优美句子比较：
She seems to have been ill.= It seems that she has been ill.她似乎病了。
She seemed to have been ill.= It seemed that she had been ill.她似乎过去生过病。d. 在should(would) like 或should(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。
I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但没去）
I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想见到她读信时的表情。（但没看到）
④不定式的完成进行式
表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。He looked too young to have been publishing books for six years.他看上去很年轻，不像已经出版了6年书的人。
⑤come + 不定式表示一个动作发生的过程
什么乳液好用He will come to understand it in the end.他最终会懂得的。
Later he came to be a famous painter.后来他成了著名的画家。
（2）动词不定式的被动语态
如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者不定式用主动式；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式用被动语态。
The doctor recommended him to air the room.医生建议他让房间透透气。（主动式）The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。（被动式）The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off.周末的运动会被迫推迟。（被动式）
What is to be done next?下一步干什么？（被动式）
（3）意义上被动形式上主动的不定式
①在“there be+主语”中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
There is no time to lose.一点时间也不能浪费了。
There are a lot of clothes to wash.有许多衣服要洗。
There is nothing to do at the moment. 暂时无事可做。
②在“名词（代词）＋be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me , for you 等。
The book is difficult to read. 这本书很难读懂。
He is not easy to get on well with. 他不易相处。
③如果不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动形式，因为逻辑主语同不定式的关系更为直接。
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