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高考语法 —— 主谓一致
高考热点
主谓一致是中学重要的语法项目,也是学习难点之一。主谓一致主要是指谓语动词必须和作主语的名词或人称代词在人称和数上保持一致。近年的高考试题中淡化对纯语法知识的考查,因而很少有单独考查主谓一致的语法项目。高考命题常常把其放入时态、语态、从句、倒装句等一并考查。
主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致遵循三个原则:语法一致原则;意义一致原则;就近一致原则。
核心解读
一、语法一致原则翦的拼音
1.the + 姓氏作主语,谓语用复数。
2. all, more, most, some, any, none, half, (a) part, the rest, two thirds, ten percent + of = n.作主语时,既可表示复数意义,也可表示单数意义,谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如:
All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
3. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时,谓语用复数,但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of,two pairs of等量词修饰时,谓语动词视pair而定。如:
My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
4. both, many, several, few作主语时,谓语用复数
Few are here this morning.
5. 如果主语是由“the whole, many a + 单数名词” 或“more than one + 单数名词”构成,随后
的谓语动词遵循“语法一致”原则,也就是说:尽管从意义上看是复数内容,但它的谓语动词仍用单数形式。例:
The whole nation was in deep sorrow at the hero’s death.
全国陷入对英雄死亡的悲痛之中。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More than one student has (have) seen the film。不止一个学生看过这部影片。
注意:在“more + 复数名词 + than one'’结构之后,谓语词一般用复数形式。例如:
More members than one are against your plan.
6. 不可数名词作主语, 如尸横遍野machinery(机器[总称]), equipment, furniture, merchandise(商品/货物)等, 谓语动词用单数形式。 例:
The merchandise has arrived undamaged.
注意:不可数名词作主语,其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时,谓语动词用复数
Three million tons of coal were exported that year.
7. 短语、不定式、动名词、以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。例:
A Knowledge of English is necessary in foreign trade. 英语知识在外贸中很有必要。
Reading often means learning. 读书常意味是学习。
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.
1950年属什么生肖每天早晨朗读英语有许多好处。
注意:两个或者两个以上的主语从句、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)做主语,表示
两个或两个以上的概念时或意义时,谓语动词用复数形式。例:
Swimming in the summer and skating in the winter are my greatest pleasure.
8. 复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待(如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等),动词用单数形式。如:
The United States is the richest country in the world. 美国是世界上最富裕的国家。
“The Arabian Nights”(《天方夜谭》)is an interesting book.
9. 名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况指诊所、工场、住宅等,作主语时,动词一般用单数。例如:
My Uncle's is not far from here.
The doctor's is on the side of the street.
常见的省略名词有:the baker's,the barber's,the carpenter's,the Zhang's,etc,
表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待,但用作主语时,谓语动词往往用复数。例:
Richardson's have a lot of leather goods to sell.
10. 关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如:
Those who want to go please sign their names here.
Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
注意:one of + n.pl.+ 定语从句,从句谓语与复数名词一致;the only 等+ one of + n.pl + 定语从句,从句谓语与one保持一致:
David is one of those people who have trouble making up their minds.
He is the only one of the boys who has passed the exam.
11. 强调句中,永远使用is/was: It’s I who am going to Japan.
二.意义一致原则
主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义,而不是语法上的单、复数形式,
这样的一致关系就是意义一致。也就是说,有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1. 单数形式,复数意义:
police, public, militia, cattle ,class ,youth等集体名词一般都用作复数。如:
The police are looking for the lost child.
2. 复数形式,单数意义:
(1)以复数形式表示单数概念的词做主语时,谓语动词用单数。如:news, works(作品),
Gymnastics(体操运动), bowls(保龄球), athletics(体育运动), woods… 例:
西点军校经典法则The news is exciting. 这消息令人激动。
Bowls is popular with the old. 保龄球受老年人所青睐。
注意:① 复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时,按意义一致的原则,作单数意义时,谓
语用单数;反之,谓语用复数。这类名词有means(方法), works(工厂), species(种类), Chinese,Japanese等。例:
(上海春招)Every possible means ____ to prevent the air population, but the sky is still not clear.
A. are being used B. have been used
C. has been used D. had been used
[答案] C
[点拨] 本题同时考查主谓一致与事态。Means 这个词的单、复数形式是一样的。因为它被
every修饰,所以表示的是单数意义,谓语动词用单数。从“the sky is still not clear.”句可知,高中化学必修一“use”这个动作发生在过去,强调的是对现在的影响,所以用现在完成时。
② 当它们前面有a,such a,this,that修饰时,谓语用单数;有all, such, these, those修饰时,谓语用复数。但“means", “no means", “the means" 等词前没有以上修饰词时,可作单数,也可用作复数。
特别注意:work作“工作”解时是不可数名词,作“著作/作品”解时是可数名词,有单复数之分。
(2)某些以-ics结尾的学科名称作主语时,如physics, mathematics, mechanics(力学), politics , statistics, economics, linguistics等, 谓语动词通常用作单数。 例:
Physics is a fundamental subject in science.
Mathematics is an interesting subject. beside的用法
注意:但如果这类名词前有物主代词修饰时,谓语动词单、复数均可。 例:
His politics is/ are weak.
(3)岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语,谓语动词用作复数。 例:
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.
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