1. Definition
•Division refers to the splitting of a word (usually an adj. or adverbial) or a phrase( e.g. a nominal phrase, phrases of participles) from its original position to be a clause or    a clause (an attributive clause, a sequential clause….) t o be a separate sentence.
•冯庆华教授(2001:92)把分译法划分成―转句译法‖和―断句译法‖,认为二者都是把原文较长的句子拆开来说,不同之处在于前者指把原文中的一个词组或词语拉出来翻译成独立的句子,后者指把原文中的从句拉出来翻译成独立的句子。
•郭著章、李庆生(1996:93-96)认为分译法主要用于长句的翻译,长句的翻译是分译法的主要内容,但分译法也应该包括某些词语意义的分译。
•郭著章、李庆生(1996:95-96)认为―所谓一长句可分译成几句中的句子的含义是什么呢?此处所谓的句子不在于结尾处用句号,而在于有无主谓结构。一般说来,含有一个主谓结构的语言部分就是一个句子。‖
2. Causes
•Different ways of thinking and expressing. Linguistically, different collocation rules and complexity of sentence structures.
树形结构vs 竹节结构
•在句法结构上,英语讲究语法外形的完整,而汉语则侧重表意,不追求外形的完整性。•英语句法结构被称为―树形结构‖——干上有枝,枝上有节,节外生枝,形态结构完整严密,―以形统神‖。
•汉语善于用词组和短句逐次排列,好比一根竹子,所以被称为―竹节结构‖——像竹节那样一节一节的,明快而简朴。
树形结构vs 竹节结构
•例:In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
•门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六,大小不一。(比较:门口放着至少有十二把五颜六、大小不一的雨伞。)
•(典型汉语句子,没有明显语法逻辑标志,话题铺展)
3. Purpose
•T o remove the obstacles to the production of expressive and faithful translations caused by different
collocations (e.g. n.+adj. or v+ adv.) in the two languages or just to make shorter sentences which sounds more clear in meaning and logic to Chinese.
4. Different ways of division
•1. 单词分译为句子。
•2. 短语分译成句子。
•3. 从句分译成句子。
词的分译
完整地表达其全部内涵,这时便可将该词义进行分解,整理,再按照译入语的表达习惯分别译出。
•A. 副词
•a. Theoretically, this is a marvelous piece of scientific writing.
•从理论上看,那是一篇了不起的科学论文。
•b. He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.
•他来到了华盛顿,就国际形式而言,时机正合适。
•c. Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots.•据目击者说,凶手共开了三,肯尼迪显然是被第一击中的。
•d. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.
•中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪,这是合乎情理的。
•e. Those Chinese scientists in Silicon Valley are understandably proud of their achievements. •那些在硅谷工作的科学家对他们取得的成就感到自豪,这可以理解。
状语的拆分
•英语很多句子中的某个词,尤其是副词,看上去是修饰与其想临的某个成分,但实际上是对整个句子所陈述的内容进行描述,评述或评价。
•处理方法1,将该副词的意思先译出来,放在句首,即将对整个句子的评价放到句首,造成一种悬念。
•方法2,将句子的内容先讲出来,再将副词译出来,作为对整个句子的评述。
Exercises
•1. He was wisely determined to give up smoking.
•Version 1:他下决心戒烟了,这很明智。
•Version 2:他很明智,下决心戒烟了。
•2. I tried vainly to put them together.
我设法把它们拼接起来,但是没有成功.
•Both peaks are majestically towering high mountains and are blessed with paradise status, or in Chinese Shangri-la.
Exercises
•两座名山都高耸入云,蔚为壮观,被誉为人间天堂,汉语里称为―香格里拉‖
•3. The senior leader’s departure could curiously help the two parties sink an age-long party feud.
•Version 1: 说也奇怪,老一代领导人的离去竟然使这两个政党陷入了长期的政党之间的不和。
人百思不得其解。
定语的拆分
•就是将原句中做定语的单词,短语,或从句从原文较紧密的联系中分离出来,常与其逻辑上的主语,通常被称为修饰语,重新构成一个汉语的主谓结构或其他结构附于原句。Transferred Epithet(移就法)
•移就就是把本应用来描述甲事物性质状态的定语移来形容乙事物。
作用:
•引起联想
•出人意料
•新鲜,生动,形象
移就
•1)直译法
•a surprised silence    a dizzy height
•惊讶的/沉默令人眩目的高度
•2)词类转换法
•I have questioned husbands of long standing about the color of their wives’ eyes, and often they express embarrassed confusion and admit that they do not know.
•窘迫地显出迷惑
•3)拆分法
•There was an amazed silence. Slowly, he turned away.
•人们一阵惊讶,默不作声。他慢慢转身离开了。
•Darrow had whispered, throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.
•我们等待开庭的时候,达罗一面低声说话,一面伸过胳膊放在我的肩上,叫我放心。
B. 形容词:
a. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.
•那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家最容易看得出来的。
•b. The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable.
•鱼能发电,其强度足以点亮小灯泡,甚至能开动马达,这简直令人难以置信。
•c. The number of the young people in the United States who cannot read is incredible—about
one in four.
•大约四分之一的美国青年人不能阅读,这简直令人难以置信!
•d. Born on a Maryland farm in 1731, Benjamin Banneker was the son of a slave father and a freewoman mother.
•本杰明.班内克1731年出生于马里兰州的一个农场,父亲是个奴隶,母亲却是自由民。
•e. His theory is an unparalleled great contribution to the science.
•他的理论是对科学的巨大贡献,任何其他的理论无法与之相提并论/居功至伟/无人能及。•f. His announcement got a mixed reaction.
•他的声明引起了反应,不过有好有坏。
C. 名词
•Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.
•经过调查,我们得出了上述结论。
•His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.
•因为他没有遵守安全规则, 机器出了故障。
D. 动词
•Time failed him to sneak away.
他想溜,可是来不及了。
B. But their armies had outrun their supplies.
但是他们的军队发展壮大太快,给养供应不上。
C. Her wealth enables her to do everything.
她有钱,什么事都能干。
2.短语分译成句子
•a. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.
•能量既不能被创造,也不能被消灭,这是一条普遍公认的规律。
•b. He was lying on his side watching her.
•他侧身躺着,双目凝视着她。
•I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
•我头三年写了四本书,打破了以往的记录。
•C. After going carefully into the price again, we decided to make a further concession of 2 dollars per yard, in hope that this would lead to an increase in business between us.
•本公司再次认真研究价格后,决定每码再减两美元。此举的目的是/希望借此希望我们之间的业务量能有所增加。
3. 分译法在长句翻译中的应用
——从句分译成句子
•翻译英文句子的基本程序——六步法
•理解阶段:
•第一步:紧缩主干——析出SV-SVO-SV.IO.DO等
•识别谓语我形态,确定时态、语态、语气
•第二步:辨析词义——识别其他词语形态及其语法关系;判断词义确定词义
•第三步:区分主从——识别修饰语与被修饰语,主句与从句;判断各成分之间的内在关系•第四步:捋清层次——推断句子思维逻辑发展形式及重心
•表达阶段
•第五步:调整搭配——按照汉语习惯形成主谓宾配列及各式搭配;调整各层次语序,捋顺表达法
•第六步:润饰词语——炼词、炼句
•英语长句的形成,一般有三个原因:一是后置修饰语多;二是联合成分多;三是句法结构复杂,层次迭出。
•考虑文体的适应性,并作出调整
•英语长句在公文文体,论述文体,科技文体和文艺文体中用得尤多,主要由于长句可以严密细致地表达多重而又密切相关的概念。
•A. American schools, both public and private, consist of 12 years of grades(1)-- basically 8 years of elementary school and 4 years of secondary or high school(2), although grades 7 and 8, or 7, 8 and 9 may be housed together in a middle school or junior high school(3).
•美国的公立学校和私立学校都是由12个年级组成的(1),基本上是8年小学加4年中学(2),虽然7、8两个年级或7、8、9三个年级有可能都在初级中学里就读(3)。
•B. Now there is in America a curious combination(1)of pride in having risen to a position where it is
no longer necessary to depend on manual labor for a living(2)and genuine delight in what one is able to accomplish with one's own hands(3).
常见英语长句翻译方法
•(1) 顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。
junior是什么意思•(2) 逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。
•(3)分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。