不可数名词的转化
武汉市新洲区邾城二中 曾翠莲
我们知道不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的前面一般不能直接加不定冠词a / an,要表达量的时候,常常要在前面用单位词an article of, a piece of等等。但是,在日常生活和书面语中不可数名词前直接用不定冠词或以复数形式出现的情况却非常普遍。这就是不可数名词的转化问题,即它们变成了可数名词。此时它们或表示种类、或具体化等等。
下面结合近年来的考题及教材中出现的情况加以说明和概括。
一、抽象名词的转化。
1、Jumping out of an airplane at ten thousand feet is quite an exciting experience. (NMET 2002)从一万英尺高空中的飞机上跳出是一次非常有刺激的体验。
2、They look for an unusual experience. (SBIA page 15)他们寻求一次不平常的体验。
3、He has been a teacher for 20 years, so he must have rich experience in teaching. 他当
教师已有20年了,一定有丰富的教学经验。
句1、句2中experience是可数名词,“一次/一种经历/体验”。
句3中experience是不可数名词,意为“经验”。
类似的还有sorrow、difficulty、interest、benefit、interest、joy等,当它们转化成可数名词时,常译成“(一)次……”或“(一)种……”等。
我们再来看看下面的句子:
Surfing the Internet does be a pleasure, but as a student, least pleasure and most work is your best choice. 上网的确是件快乐的事情,但对一名学生来说,少娱乐多学习是最佳选择。
第一个pleasure是可数名词,意为“快乐的人或事”,指surfing the Internet这一事情。第二个pleasure是不可数名词,“快乐、高兴”。Pleasure、honor、comfort、surprise、shame、love、help、failure、success等指具体的人、事或动作行为时变为可数名词。
体会一下下面的表达:
His coming back is a surprise to me, so I looked at him in surprise. 他的到来令我大吃一惊,所以我吃惊地看着他。
Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。
The Experiment is a failure. 这次实验失败了。
As a teacher, he is a success. 作为一名教师,他是成功的。
但 fun、progress、advice、news、weather 等抽象名词一般情况下不能转化为可数名词。
二、学科概念、季节、一日三餐饭及专有名词的转化。
1、The festivals were a way to celebrate history and culture.(SBIB page 11)
2、African Americans have a long history and a rich culture. 盐水鸡(SBIB page 10)
句1中history和culture在句1中为不可数名词,是概念性的表达“历史文化”。
树莓酮句2中为可数名词,意为“一段历史,一种文化”。
类似的还有society、winter、summer、spring、腊七腊八冻死寒鸦类似的谚语science、china等,当它们前有形容词修饰时,它们前面可加不定冠词,表示“一段,一个,一种”等概念。
再看下列例句:
1、Our government has been solving the problems of society, and is beginning to build up a harmonious society. 我们的政府一直在解决社会问题,并着手建立一个和谐的社会。
2、China has been developing very fast, and I’m sure a completely new and powerful China will appear soon. 中国发展一直很快,我确信不久一个全新而强大的中国会出现。
三、物质名词的转化。
1、Tea does good to our health. 茶对我们健康有好处。
北京旅游区2、Longjing is a good tea. 龙井是一种较好的茶。
3、I would like a tea. 我要喝一杯茶。
句1中地球为什么是圆的tea是不可数名词,泛指一切“茶叶”。
句2中tea是可数名词,意为“一种茶”。
句3中tea是可数名词,意为“一杯茶”。
物质名词tea、coffee、rain、cloth、fire、ink、drink等前可加不定冠词,表示“(一)种”、“(一)场”、“(一)杯”、“(一)段”等。
再如:
Things catch fire easily in winter. 冬天东西易着火。
Don’t play with fire; it is easy to have things on fire. 别玩火,这易烧着东西。
A fire broke out yesterday. 昨天发生了一场火灾。
The kite is made of cloth not of paper. 这风筝是布制的不是纸质的。
Clean the desk with a table cloth. 用一块桌布擦桌子。
四、集合名词的转化。
1、The trade station deals in cloth, dress and furniture. 这商场经营布匹、服装和家俱。
2、She likes to wear an evening dress at home. 在家里,他喜欢穿晚礼服。
句1中dress为不可数名词,是“服装”的总称。
句2中dress为可数名词,指“礼服”、“外套”。
但是,象machinery、jewellery、clothing、furniture等集合名词往往不能转化为可数名词。
五、有些不可数名词出现复数形式,但意义完全改变。
Air is a mixture of gasses. 空气是一种气体混合物。
Don’t put on airs before us. 别在我们面前摆架子。
Paper can be made from grass. 纸可用草来造。
Hand in your papers before 12. 12点钟前交论文(试卷)。
Water is easy to pollute. 水易被污染。
The boat sank in the upper waters of the Yangtze river. 船是在长江上游水域沉没的。
Your written exercises have been done all wrong. 你的书面作业全做错了。
Doing Morning exercises is good for you. 做早操对你有好处。
He is too weak; he needs a lot of exercise. 他身体太差了,他需要多多锻炼。
不可数名词的转化现象是较普遍的,我们在阅读和学习中要留心观察细心体会,以便做到灵活运用。
下面每句中都有一处错误,请改正。
1. We had warm winter last year.
2. The boy’s birth is comfort to the family.
3. Good knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
4. The defeat is shame to the nation.
孕妇可以吃茴香吗5. Though his is only 14. He is quite help to his father.
6. Biology is science.
Keys:
1. We had a warm winter last year.
2. The boy’s birth is a comfort to the family.
3. A good knowledge of English is a must in international trade.
4. The defeats is a shame to the nation.
5. Though his is only 14. He is quite a help to his father.
6. Biology is a science.
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