现在完成时讲解
刘崇一． 基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)
二． 句型：
否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.
简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定)
三．用法
I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)
Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)
My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)
（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.
①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时段+ago
④since+从句（过去时）
⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）
Mary has been ill for three days.
I have lived here since 1998.
四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别
Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.
Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）
My father has been to Shanghai.
Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1. 现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:工作的压力
* 以already, just和yet为标志
He has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
投掷游戏He has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
He hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
* 以ever和never为标志
This is the best film I have ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
He has never been to Beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志
He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before
He has got to Beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
She has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段
②since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志
注意：
1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday, last week, three years ago 等;
2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用
现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态.其构成： have (has) +过去分词.规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆.
现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句, 否定句和疑问句列表如下：
肯定句：I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.
否定句：I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.
He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.
上海风景疑问句：Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t.?
Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.
二、用法：现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在.
用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与just（刚刚）,already（已经）,never（从来没有）,ever（曾经）,before（以前）,yet（仍然）,once（一次）,twice（两次）,many times（很多次）,how many times（多少次）,so far（迄今为止）,during the past（last）three years（最近三年来）等连用.
※ 副词的位置：①just常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has just come .
②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has＋主语＋ever ＋过去分词?“…曾经……过吗?”用
于询问某人过去的经历.Have you ever been to the farm?
④before用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.
红楼梦读书笔记摘抄好词好句⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后.Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法二：表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态.时间状语有：
① for＋表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years.
② since＋表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.
③ since＋表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.
④ since＋一段时间＋ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
三、现在完成时态中可以和表示一段时间状语（for,since,how long, all one’s life）连用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词.如：be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等.
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?
四、延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的（到说话时仍未结束）表示一段时间的状语连用.如this morning,today,this week,these days
He has been to Beijing three times this year. He has written two letters this morning.（说话时间在上午）He wrote two letters this morning.（说话时间在下午或晚上）
五、英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间
就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”,常见的有：come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等.这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的
结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语（how long,for,since）连用.He has come back.（√）He has come back for two hours.（×）
电信宽带升级※ 但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰,如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time. We haven’t seen him since 1999.
六、当终止性动词（非延续性动词）与表示一段时间的状语（how long,since,for, all one’s life）相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
（1）用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has come back for two weeks.（错）改为:He came back two weeks ago.（正）
I have lost my bike for ten days. （错）改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. （正）
（2）用“It is / has been＋时间＋since＋一般过去时态”句型来改写.
He has joined the League for 3 years. （错）It is 3 years since he joined the League.
I have bought the book for 5 days. （错）It is 5 days since I bought the book. （正）
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