一. 被动语态
主动语态：主语主动执行
被动语态：主语被动承受
例句：The lazy sheep was caught by the gray wolf again!
1.被动语态的基本机构：be +及物动词过去分词
2. 主动变被动的基本规则：
主动语态：
被动语态：+ 其他成分
例1：Many people speak English.
○1○2○3
被动句：English is spoken by many people.
○3○2○1
例2：He cheated her.
○1○2○3
被动句：She was cheated by him.
○3○2○1
3.主动句变被动句的主要规则：
(1). 人称代词主格做主语，宾格做宾语。
(2). 被动语态基本结构：be+及物动词的过去分词
(如果是不及物动词，其过去分词应带有相应的介词)
He gives up smoking. 被动句：______________________________
(3). 被动语态中的be 是助动词，有人称、数和时态的变化。
一般现在时被动语态为：
一般过去时被动语态为：
一般将来时被动语态为：猫天使
现在完成时被动语态为：
(4).情态动词+ be done
由上可见，被动语态的时态由_____be 动词___ 来体现。
(5). 被动语态中，by+动作的发出者放在句末(课省略)，by 表示“由，被”的意思。
4.被动语态的注意点
（1）“三看一听”hear, see, watch, notice，使役动词make等主动句中to 走开，被动句中to 回来。
I heard my sister sing in her room yesterday.
被动句：歌曲红马鞍
My mother always makes me do some housework.
被动句：______________________________________________
（2）say, believe, consider, know, expect, think 等词接宾语从句，变被动句用
It is / was said/believed…. that……….
怎样盗号People believe he told the truth.
被动句：_________________________________________
（3）常见无被动的词：
happen 意为“发生”时，主语为物，sth happen to sb, 无被动
belong to, take place, rise, sell well, remain, run out, come true等无被动
(4) 感官动词__feel, look, smell, taste, sound_, 主动表被动
The news sounds terrible.
二. 现在完成时
1、语境分析
①动作发生在过去，已完成，强调对现在有影响
---Are you hungry? ---No, I have had breakfast.
②动作发生在过去，未完成，持续到现在或未来
I have studied English for 10 years.
2. 标志性的时间状语：
already___________, yet_____________ _____________，
ever_____________ never___________, before___________
In the last/past + 一段时间________________________________
So far ________________
For + 一段时间___________________________
Since + 过去的时间点since then，since two years ago, since 1996……
+ 从句（过去式）
次数（twice，three times , four times……）
阿拉伯字体
注意：1）already用于肯定句，I have already eaten lunch.
yet用于一般疑问句或否定句
_______ you eaten lunch _________? I haven’t eaten lunch ________.
2）Have you ever read this story (before)? -----I have never read it.
3) In the last three weeks, I have read 5 books.
4) We have known each other for 5 years.
5) Qingdao has changed greatly so far.
杜汶泽减肥6) I haven’t seen my teachers since I left school.
7)I have lived here since 2010. (since 3 years ago)
3、重点词组辨析
①have/has gone to 去了……(人未回)
②Have/has been to 去过……(人已回)
③Have/has been in 去……多久（有一段时间）
4. 与延续性的时间状语连用的必须是延续性动词
初中阶段常考的延续性时间状语：1）for +一段时间
2）Since + 过去的时间点
+ 从句（过去式）
3）How long……?
真题链接1. ---When _____ he _____ for London?
---The day before yesterday. He _____ for two days.
A. did, leave; has left
B. has, left; has left
C. did, leave; has been away
D. will, leave; is leaving
附：常见短暂性动词与延续性动词的转化
buy—___________; borrow—_____________;
die—____________; leave—______________ (from);
put on—____________ make friends—____________ come back—______________ start/ begin--_____________ fall asleep—______________; open—__________________;
turn on—________________; turn off—_______________;
go /get out—_____________; end /finish—_____________;
get up—_________________; get married--_____________ arrive (reach / get to / come to) +地点—_____________+地点；
join—_____________+集体或______________________