仁爱版初中英语语法大全
一.名词
I.名词的种类:
专有名词
普通名词
国名.地名.人名,
团体.机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
II.名词的数:
1.规则名词的复数形式:
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:
规则
例词
1
一般情况在词尾加-s
map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days
2
s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es
class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes
3
-f-fe结尾的词
-f-fev再加-es
leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives
-s
belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs
4
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变yi-es
party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities
5
以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s
toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys
6
以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词
一般加-es
hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes
不少外来词加-s
piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos
两者皆可
zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos
7
以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s
radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos
8
-th结尾的名词加-s
truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths,
2.不规则名词复数:
英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:
规则
例词
1
改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice
2
单复数相同
sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin,
3
只有复数形式
ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents
4
一些集体名词总是用作复数
people,police,cattle,staff
5
部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)
audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party
6
复数形式表示特别含义
customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟)
7
表示某国人
-s
Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans
单复数同形
Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese
-man-woman结尾的改为-men,-women
Englishmen,Frenchwomen
8
合成名词
将主体名词变为复数
sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends
无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数
grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches
将两部分变为复数
womensingers,menservants
III.名词的所有格:
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。
1.’s所有格的构成:
单数名词在末尾加’s
theboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto,
复数名词
一般在末尾加
theteachers’room,thetwins’mother,
不规则复数名词后加’s
thechildren’stoys,women’srights,
s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者
Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house
表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s
Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes
表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s
JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather
表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略
thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s
2.’s所有格的用法:
表示时间
today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday
2
表示自然现象
theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches
3
表示国家城市等地方的名词
thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry
4
表示工作体
theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory
5
表示度量衡及价值
amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples
6
与人类活动有特殊关系的名词
thelife’stime,theplay’splot
7
某些固定词组
abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措)
3.of所有格的用法:
用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook
用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents
用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed
二.冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I.不定冠词的用法:
1
指一类人或事,相当于akindof
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
2
第一次提及某人某物,非特指
Aboyiswaitingforyou.
3
表示每一相当于everyone
Westudyeighthoursaday.
4
表示相同相当于thesame
Wearenearlyofanage.
5
用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事
AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout
ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng.
仁爱版英语
6
用于固定词组中
Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime
7
用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后
Thisroomisratherabigone.
8
用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后
Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet.
II.定冠词的用法:
1
表示某一类人或物
Thehorseisausefulanimal.
2
用于世上独一无二的事物名词前
theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean
3
表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?
4
用于乐器前面
playtheviolin,playtheguitar
5
用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
thereach,theliving,thewounded
6
表示一家人夫妇
theGreens,theWangs
7
用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前
Heisthetallerofthetwochildren.
8
用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川岛的名词前
theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench
9
用于表示发明物的单数名词前
ThecompasswasinventedinChina.
10
在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代
inthe1990’s
11
用于表示单位的名词前
Ihiredthecarbythehour.
12
用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前
Hepattedmeontheshoulder.
III.零冠词的用法:
1
专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前
BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air
2
名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制
Iwantthisbook,notthatone./?Whosepurseisthis?
3
季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前
March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring
4
表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前
LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica.
5
学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前
Helikesplayingfootball/chess.
6
by连用表示交通工具的名词前
bytrain,byair,byland
7
and连接的两个相对的名词并用时
husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight
8
表示泛指的复数名词前
Horsesareusefulanimals.
三.代词:
I.代词可以分为以下七大类:
1
人称代词
主格
I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they
宾格
me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them
2
物主代词
形容词性
my,your,his,her,its,our,their
名词性
mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs
3
反身代词
myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves
4
指示代词
this,that,these,those,such,some
5
疑问代词
who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever
6
关系代词
that,which,who,whom,whose,as
7
不定代词
one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle,
other/another,all/both,neither/either
II.不定代词用法注意点:
1.one,someany:
1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为onessome多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。
Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.
Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.
Ihavesomequestionstoask.
2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。
Wouldyoulikesomebananas?  Couldyougivemesomemoney?
3)someany修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。
Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.???Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.
4)some和数词连用表示大约any可与比较级连用表示程度。
Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.???Doyoufeelanybettertoday?
2.eachevery:
each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。
Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.
Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.
3.noneno
no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。
Thereisnowaterinthebottle.
Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.
Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.
4.otheranother:
?1)other泛指另外的,别的常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,
theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如:
Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.
Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.
?2)another又一个,另一个无所指,复数形式是others,泛指别的人或事如:
Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one). 
Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.
Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.
5.allboth,neithereither
?all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。bothall加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neithernone.
?AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.
?Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.
四.形容词和副词
I.形容词:
1.形容词的位置:
1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置:
1
修饰some,any,every,nobody,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobodyabsent,everythingpossible
2
-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible
3
alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置
theonlypersonawake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
abridge50meterslong
5
成对的形容词可以后置
ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful
6
形容词短语一般后置
amandifficulttogetonwith
2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序:
代词
数词
性状形容词
冠词前的形容词
冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格
序数词
基数词
性质
状态
大小
长短
形状
新旧
温度
国籍
产地
材料
质地
名词
all
both
such
the
a
this
another
your
second
next
one
four
beautiful
good
poor
large
short
square
new
cool
black
yellow
Chinese
London
silk
stone
3)复合形容词的构成:
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6
名词+形容词
world-famous
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
II.副词
副词的分类:
1
时间副词
soon,now,early,finally,once,recently
5
频度副词
always,often,frequently,seldom,never
2
地点副词
here,nearby,outside,upwards,above
6
疑问副词
how,where,when,why
3
方式副词
hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really
7
连接副词
how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather
8
关系副词
when,where,why
III.形容词和副词比较等级:
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加moremost
1.同级比较时常常用asas…以及notso(as)as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.
2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal
3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themorethemore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.
4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.
5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.
6.表示最高程度的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect
???五.介词
I.介词分类:
1
简单介词
about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on
2
合成介词
inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without
3
短语介词
accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto
4
双重介词
fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween
5
分词转化成的介词
considering(就而论),including
6
形容词转化成的介词
like,unlike,near,next,opposite
II.常用介词区别:
1
表示时间的in,on,at
at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关
2
表示时间的since,from
since指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始
3
表示时间的in,after
in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中
4
表示地理位置的in,on,to
in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外
5
表示on,in
on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分
6
表示穿过through,across
through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关
7
表示关于about,on
about指涉及到,on指专门论述
8
betweenamong的区别
between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间
9
besidesexcept的区别
besides除了还有再加上except除了,减去什么,不放在句首
10
表示in,with
with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音
11
aslike的区别
as意为作为,以地位或身份like一样,指情形相似
12
ininto区别
in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置
六.动词
I.动词的时态:
1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:
现在时
过去时
将来时
过去将来时
一般
ask/asks
asked
shall/willask
should/wouldask
进行
am/is/areasking
was/wereasking
shall/willbeasking
should/wouldbeasking
完成
have/hasasked
hadasked
shall/willhaveasked
should/wouldhaveasked
完成进行
have/hasbeenasking
hadbeenasking
shall/willhavebeenasking
should/wouldhavebeenasking
2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加已经等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)
2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)
IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)
3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示从过去开始一直持续到现在,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。
Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。
4.一般将来时的表达方式:
将来时
用法
例句
1
will/shall+动词原形
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态
Mysisterwillbetennextyear.
2
begoingto+动词原形
含有打算,计划,即将做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事
It’sgoingtoclearup.
We’regoingtohaveapartytonight.
3
be+doing进行时表示将来
go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
Heismovingtothesouth.
AretheyleavingforEurope?
4
beaboutto+动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语
Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.
Themeetingisabouttoclose.
5
beto+动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon.
6
一般现在时表示将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来
Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.
Theplaneleavesattenthisevening.
II.动词的被动语态:
常用被动语态
构成
常用被动语态
构成
1
一般现在时
am/is/areasked
6
过去进行时
was/werebeingasked
2
一般过去时
was/wereasked
7
现在完成时
have/hasbeenasked
3
一般将来时
shall/willbeasked
8
过去完成时
hadbeenasked
4
过去将来时
should/wouldbeasked
9
将来完成时
will/wouldhavebeenasked
5
现在进行时
am/is/arebeingasked
10
含有情态动词的
can/must/maybeasked
注意
事项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be
goingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如:
Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.
Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如:
Itisbelievedthat???????????Itisgenerallyconsideredthat??????????Itissaidthat
Itiswellknownthat????????Itmustbepointedoutthat?????????????Itissupposedthat
Itisreportedthat???????????Itmustbeadmittedthat???????????????Itishopedthat
下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如:
Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.?????????Thebookisworthreadingtwice.
Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.???????????Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.
Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold.
下面词或短语没有被动态:
leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等
七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法:
情态动词
用法
否定式
疑问式与简答
can
能力(体力,智力,技能)
允许或许可(口语中常用)
可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中)
cannot/cannot/can’tdo
Cando?
Yes,can.
No,can’t.
could
couldn’tdo
may
可以(问句中表示请求)
可能,或许(表推测)
祝愿(用于倒装句中)
maynotdo
Maydo?Yes,may.
No,mustn’t/can’t.
might
mightnotdo
Mightdo?Yes,might
No,mightnot.
must
必须,应该(表主观要求)
肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测)
mustnot/mustn’tdo
Mustdo?Yes,must.
No,needn’t/don’thaveto.
haveto
只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化)
don’thavetodo
Dohavetodo?
Yes,do.?No,don’t.
oughtto
应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should
oughtnotto/oughtn’ttodo
Oughttodo?
Yes,ought.No,oughtn’t.
shall
将要,会
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
shallnot/shan’tdo
Shalldo?
Yes,shall.?No,shan’t.
should
应当,应该(表义务责任)
本该(含有责备意味)
shouldnot/shouldn’tdo
Shoulddo?
will
意愿,决心
请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉
willnot/won’tdo
Willdo?
Yes,will.?No,won’t.
would
wouldnot/wouldn’tdo
dare
敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
darenot/daren’tdo
Daredo?
Yes,dare.No,daren’t.
need
需要
必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中)
neednot/needn’tdo
Needdo?
Yes,must.No,needn’t.
usedto
过去常常(现在已不再)
usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttodo
didn’tusetodo
Usedtodo?
Yes,used.?No,use(d)n’t.
Didusetodo?
Yes,did.?No,didn’t.
II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测:
must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。
1.must“肯定,一定语气强,只用于肯定句中。
HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.
2.maymight“也许,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。
Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.
3.cancould“可能could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。
Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.
Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生)
Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中)
III.情态动词注意点:
1.canbeableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达某事终于成功,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。
2.usedtowould:?usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。
3.needdare作情态动词和实义动词的区别:
两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdoNeed/daredo?
做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo
八.非谓语动词
I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成:
非谓语形式
构成
特征和作用
时态和语态
否定式
复合结构
不定式
todo
tobedoing
tohavedone
tobedone
tohavebeendone
在非谓语前加not
dosth.
具有名词,副词和形容词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语
分词
现在分词
doing
havingdone
beingdone
havingbeendone
具有副词和形容词的作用
在句中做定、表、宾补和状语
过去分词
done
动名词
doing
havingdone
beingdone
havingbeendone
sb’sdoing
具有名词的作用
在句中做主、宾、定和表语
II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较:
情况
常用动词
只接不定式做宾语的动词
hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen
只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语
mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider
can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto
两者都可以
意义基本相同
begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为)
need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式)
意义相反
stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事
stopdoing停止正在做的事
意义不同
remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生)
remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生)
goontodo(接着做另外一件事)
goondoing(接着做同一件事)
trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力)
trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果)
meantodo(打算做,企图做)
meandoing(意识是,意味着)
can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做)
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别:
常见动词
与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念
例句
不定式
ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage
主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成
Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes.
have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make
现在分词
notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel
主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成
Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio.
过去分词
动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态
Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged.
IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别:
区别
举例
不定式
与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生
Ihavealotofpaperstotype.
Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped.
动名词
通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系
Shallwegototheswimmingpool?
现在分词
与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生
theboilingwater/theboiledwater
thedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountry
thefallingleaves/thefallenleaves
过去分词
与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成
V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别:
区别
举例
不定式
多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。
Mydreamistobecomeateacher.
Toobeythelawisimportant.
(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用)
动名词
与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。
Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.
Teachingismyjob.
分词
无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。
现在分词多含有令人…”之意,说明主,语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有感到…”之意,主语多是人。
Thesituationisencouraging.
Thebookiswellwritten.
(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式)
九.定语从句
I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
主语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,whichthat在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..
whose
人,物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.
that
人,物
主语,宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
主语,宾语
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人,物
主语,宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词
when
时间
时间状语
Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.
可用onwhich
where
地点
地点状语
ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.
可用inwhich
why
原因
原因状语
Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.
可用forwhich
II.thatwhich,who,whom的用法区别:
情况
用法说明
例句
只用that的情况
1??先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。
2??先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时
3??先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4??先行词既指人又指物时
5??先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时
6??句中已经有whowhich时,为了避免重复时
1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.
3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.
4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.
6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?
只用which,who,whom的情况
1??在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2??在由介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3??先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who
Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.
Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.
Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.
III.aswhich的区别:
定语从句
区别
例句
限制性定语从句中
名词前有suchthesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which
Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand.
非限制性定语从句中
aswhich都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有正如,象的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无正如的意思。
Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.
Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.
Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s.
IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
类别
语法意义及特征
例句
限制性定语从句
对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。
TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.
非限制性定语从句 
对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。
Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.
十.名词性从句
种类
作用
常用关联词
例句
主语从句
在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后
that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever
Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.
Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome.
表语从句
在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后
Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow.
宾语从句
在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词
Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame.
同位语从句
放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact)表明其具体内容
Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.
Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus.
十一。状语从句
种类
连接词
注意点
时间状语
when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardlywhen,nosoonerthan,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly
主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
地点状语
where,wherever
原因状语
because,as,since,nowthat
because语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。
条件状语
if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat
从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替
目的状语
sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat
sothatinorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词
结果状语
sothat,suchthat
比较状语
than,asas,notso/asas,themorethemore
方式状语
asif,asthough,as
asifasthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语
though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,whenever
as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;althoughthough用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用
十二。倒装句
种类
倒装条件
例句
完全倒装
here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调
Outrushedthechildren.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs.
强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡
Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students.
部分倒装
never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首
HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened.
only和修饰的状语放于句首
OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish.
notonlybutalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒
NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit.
neithernor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装
NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit.
sothat,suchthat中的sosuch及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒
Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday.
as引导的让步状语
Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot.
so,neithernor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。
Hecanplaythepiano.Socani.
用于表示祝愿的祈使句中
Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
省略if的虚拟条件
WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway.
十三。虚拟语气
类别
用法
例句
If引导的条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词:过去式(bewere
主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形
Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus.
与过去事实相反
从句动词:had+过去分词
主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词
IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou.
与将来事实相反
从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式
主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形
Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping.
其它状语从句
asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.
inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would+动词原形
Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly.
宾语从句
demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形
Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind.
wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反
IwishIcouldbeapopsinger.
主语从句
Itisnecessary/important/strangethat,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形
Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends.
其它句型中
Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形
It’shightimethatweleft.
wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow.
Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望
Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue!
十四。重要句型
1.?Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.
2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.
3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.
4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.
5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!
6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!
7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.
8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.
9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.
10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.
11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.
12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.
13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.
14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.
15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!
16.?Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.
17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.
18.Theregoesthebell.
19.?Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.
20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.
21.?IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!
22.?Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.
23.?OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.
24.?Heworksparticularlyhard.?Sohedoes,andsodoyou.
25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.
26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.
??十五。动词搭配
1.addto增加,增进
?addto加进
?addup相加
?addupto总计,所有这一切说明
?1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything.
?2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.
?3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.
?4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.
?(addupto,addedto,addto,addedup)
2.breakawayfrom打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉
?breakdown出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开
?breakoff暂停,中断
?breakin强行进入,插话
?breakinto闯入
breakintopieces成为碎片
?breakout爆发
?breakup捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散
?breakthrough突破
?1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______?______thepoliceandranintothewoods.
?2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.
?3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.
?4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?
?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?
?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.
?(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)
3.bringup抚养,呕吐,提出
?bringabout造成
?bringout拿出,出版
?bringin引入,引进,挣钱
?bringback使回想起
?bringdown使下降,使倒下
?1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.
?2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.
?3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.
?4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?
?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.
?6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.
?7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.
?8)Nextmonththeywill?bring________aneweditionof?thebook.
  (down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)
4.callon号召,拜访(某人)
 callat拜访、参观(某地)
 callfor去叫某人,要求,需要
 callup使回忆起,征召入伍
  callin召集,请某人来
 callout大喊,高叫
 calloff取消,不举行
 1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.
 2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.
 3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.
 4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.
 5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.
 (in,for,at,out,off)
5eabout发生,出现
 comedown下跌,落,降,传下来
 comein进来
 comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)
 comeon来临/快点
 comeout出版,结果是
 comealong一道来,赶快
 cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒,合计,总共是
 comeover走过来
 comeup发芽,走近
 comeacross偶然碰到
 comeback回想起
 comefrom来自,源自
 1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.
 2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.
 3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.
 4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate.
 5)Hecame__________melikeatiger.
 6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear.
 7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago.
 8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob.
 9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars.
 10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven'tcome__________yet.
 (for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)
6.cutacross抄近路
 cutdown砍倒,削减
 cutoff切断,割掉,断绝关系
 cutup连根拔除,切碎
 through剪断,凿穿
 cutout删(省)掉,戒掉
 cutin插嘴
 1)Don'tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.
 2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.
 3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor(旷野)tothevillage.
 4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces.
 5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.
 6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________.
 down,down,across,up,off,in
7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因)
 diefrom死于(意外事故、情形)
 dieaway渐渐消逝
 dieout绝种
 diedown(炉火)渐熄
 dieoff逐一死去
8.fallbehind落后
 falloverone'sfeet跌跤
 falldown掉下,跌倒
 fallback撤退,后退
 1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk.
 2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers.
 3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.
 4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken.
 down,behind,back,over 
9.goinfor从事,喜爱,参加
 gothrough通过,经受
 goover复习,检查
 goup(价格)上涨,建造起来
 goafter追捕,追赶
 goagainst违反
 goahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧
 goaway离开
 goby时间过去
 godown下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉
 goon(with)继续进行
 gowith相配,陪同
 gowithout没有,缺少
 goout外出,熄灭
 goallout全力以赴
 gooff爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应
 gobackon背约,食言
 gobeyond超出
 1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.
 2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently.
 3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet.
 4)Let'scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______.
 5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople,
 6)Ican'tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty.
 7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination.
 8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople.
 9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision. 
 10)Thistiedoesn'tgo___________myblueshirt.
 11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______.
 12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball.
 (up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)
10.getdown下来,记下,使沮丧
getdownto致力于,专心于
  geton进展,进步,穿上,上车
  getoff脱下,下车
  getin收集,插(话)
  getaway逃跑,逃脱,去休假
  getover忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复
  getalongwith进展,相处
  getup起床
  getthrough打通电话,完成,通过
  getround消息传开
  getclosetosth.接近,几乎
  getinto(trouble)
  getto(know)
  getback取回,收回
  getout
  1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn'tget____whathesaid.
  2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties.
  3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.
  4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I'llgotothecinema.
  5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness.
  6)Don'talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.
  7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience.
  (down,over,round,through,down,in,over)
11.giveaway赠送,泄露,出卖
  giveout发出,疲劳,分发,公布
  giveoff发出(光、热、气体)
  givein(tosb.)屈服
  giveup放弃,让(座位)
  1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________.
  2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.
  3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners.
  4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies.
  5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________?
  6)Don'tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________.
  7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.
  (away,off,out,up,out,away,out)
12.handin交上,提交
  handout分发
  handdown流传,遗传
13.hangabout闲逛
  hangup挂电话
14.holdback阻止,隐瞒
  holdup举起,使停顿
  holdon别挂电话,等,坚持
  holdout持续,坚持,伸出
  holddown控制,镇压
  1)I'msureheisholdingsomething_________.
  2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.
  3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I'llcomesoon.
  4)Ourfoodsupplywon'thold_________formorethanafewdays.
  5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.
  6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity'spopulation.
  7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please.
  (back,back,on,out,up,down,up)
15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持,
  keepupwith跟上
  keepoff(grass)不接近,离开
  keepawayfrom避开,不接近,离远远的
  keepoutof
  keepto(rules,promise)坚持,遵守   
  keepon继续,坚持下来
  keepback阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下
  keepfrom克制,阻止
  1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher.
  2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords.
  3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears.
  4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone.
  5)"Don'ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!"
  6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.
  7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou'llsucceedintheend.
  8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.
  9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame.
  10)Ican'tkeep________witheverythingyou'redoing.
  (away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)
16.knockat/on
  knockinto撞到某人身上
  knockdown撞倒
  knockoutof敲出
  knockover撞倒
  knockoff停止工作,休息
  1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________.
  2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.
  3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.
  4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere.
  (down,off,on,into)
17.leavefor离开前往
  leaveout删去,遗漏
  leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走
  leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于
  leaveover遗留,剩下,延期
  1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher.
  2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.
  3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________.
  4)Don'tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow.
  5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow.
  6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory.
  (out,to,behind,over,over,over)
18.lookup查,向上看
  lookthrough翻阅,浏览
  lookon旁观
  lookonas看作
  lookinto调查
  lookafter/at/for照顾//
  lookout(for)当心
  lookabout/around/round四下查看
  lookdownupon瞧不起
  lookbackupon回忆,回顾
  lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人
lookabintheface/eyes直视某人
  1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents'papers.
  2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.
  3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim.
  4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.
  5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours.
  6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible.
  7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.
  (through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)
19.makeup编造,配制,打扮,组成
  makeupfor弥补
  makeinto/of/from制成
  makeout弄懂,发现,看出,填写,开列(清单)
  makefor走向,驶往,促使
  1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit?
  2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London?
  3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.
  4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________for
    thedamagehehaddone.
  5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.
  6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan'tmake___________whoitis.
  (into,for,out,up/up,up,out)
20.passaway去世
  passby经过
  passdown(on)to传给
  passthrough经历
  passover漠视,忽视
  1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather'sgrandfather.
  2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace.
  3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.
  4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.
  (down,away,through,over)
21.payback还钱,报复
  payfor付钱,为受到惩罚,因得到报应
  payoff还清
  1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary?
  2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme.
  3)I'llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.
  4)Someday,you'llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday.
  5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet?
 for,back,back,for,off
22.pickup拾起,获得(information),接人,站起,收听,自然习得(language
         /knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth)
  pickout挑选,辨认,看出
  1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue.
  2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.
  3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks.
  4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes.
  5)Ican'tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.
  6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?
  7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly.
  (up,up,up,out,out,up,up)
  pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词
23.putup搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下
  putupwith忍受
  putout伸出,扑灭
  putoff推迟
  putinto放进,翻译
  putaway放好,存钱
  putdown记下,平息
  puton穿戴,上映,增加(putonweight/speed)
  putforward提出,提前
  putthrough接通电话
  putaside放到一边
  putback放回
  1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.
  2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt().
  3)Putyourwatch__________.It'sslow.
  4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.
  5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension(分机)2.
  6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.
  7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.(摆架子)
  8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice.
  9)Ican'tput__________withyourlaziness.
  (away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)
24.pulldown拆掉,推翻     pullon匆匆穿上/off
  pullin进站              pullout取出,(火车)离站
  pulldown往下拉,拆毁        pullover驶到一边
  pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境   pullup(使)停住
  1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance.
  2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt.
  3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn.
  4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.
  5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights.
  (out,down,over,through,up)
25.pushover推倒,刮倒
  pushahead(on,forward)继续前进,坚持下去
  pushthrough排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过
  1)We'vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad
  2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.
  3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost..
  4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.
  5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus.
  (on,over,through,over,through) 
26.runacross偶然碰到     runafter追逐,追捕
  runaway逃跑          runfor竞选
  runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞
  runoutof用完
  1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you'llrun_________someonesomeday.
  2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.
  3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?
  4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?
  5)Hedidn'twanttorun___________presidentthatyear.
  6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties.
  (into,across/into,out,after,for,into)
27.seeoff送行
  seethrough看透,识破
  seeto照料,照管
28.sendfor派人去请
  sendoff送行
  sendout发出(光亮)等
  sendup发射
29.setup建立
  setoff出发,触发,引起
  setout动身,着手(todo),陈述
  setabout开始着手(doing)
  settowork(n.)开始做
  setback拨回,使推迟
  1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.
  2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.
  3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe'vebeentravellingeversincethen.
  4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.
  5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?
  6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.
  7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.(抗议)
  (back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)
30.takeoff脱掉,起飞        takeon呈现雇佣
  takeaway拿走            takein吸收,领会
  takeup从事,占用(时间空间)
  takedown记录,取下      takeback收回
  takefor误认为            takealong随身带
  takeover接管             takeout
  1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty.
  2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems.
  3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.
  4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught.
  5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather'sbusiness.
  6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.
  7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany.
  (back,down,for,in,over,up,on)
  takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职
31.thinkof想起               thinkofas看作
  thinkout想出              thinkup想出
  thinkabout考虑            thinkover仔细考虑
  thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好
32.turnoff/on打开
  turnover翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转
  turnout证明为,结果,制造成品
  turnto转向,求助
  turndown调低,拒绝
  turnagainst变得敌视,反对
  turnaway打发走,驱逐,转过脸去
  turnback返回,转回去
  turnround转过身来
  turnup向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大
  turnin上缴
  turnupsidedown把倒置,弄得乱七八糟
  1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort.
  2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.
  3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.
  4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.
  5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______.
  6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________.
  7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.
  8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse.
  9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.
  10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby.
  11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.
  (to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)