仁爱版初中英语语法大全 I.名词的种类: 专有名词 | 普通名词 | 国名.地名.人名, 团体.机构名称 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 | 个体名词 | 集体名词 | 抽象名词 | 物质名词 | | | | | | | | | | |
II.名词的数: 1.规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 | 例词 | 1 | 一般情况在词尾加-s | map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days | 2 | 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es | class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes | 3 | 以-f或-fe结尾的词 | 变-f和-fe为v再加-es | leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,loaf-loaves,wife-wives | 加-s | belief-beliefs,chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs,gulf-gulfs | 4 | 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es | party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities | 5 | 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s | toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys | 6 | 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes,Negro-Negroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes | 不少外来词加-s | piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos | 两者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos | 7 | 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s | radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos | 8 | 以-th结尾的名词加-s | truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths, | | | | |
2.不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 | 例词 | 1 | 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice | 2 | 单复数相同 | sheep,deer,series,means,works,fish,speciesli,yuan,jin, | 3 | 只有复数形式 | ashes,trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,compasses,contents | 4 | 一些集体名词总是用作复数 | people,police,cattle,staff | 5 | 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) | audience,class,family,crowd,couple,group,committee,government,population,crew,team,public,enemy,party | 6 | | customs(海关),forces(军队),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),manners(礼貌),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜),ruins(废墟) | 7 | 表示“某国人” | 加-s | Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans | 单复数同形 | Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese | 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women | Englishmen,Frenchwomen | 8 | 合成名词 | 将主体名词变为复数 | sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends | 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 | grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches | 将两部分变为复数 | womensingers,menservants | | | | |
III.名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1.’s所有格的构成: 单数名词在末尾加’s | theboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto, | 复数名词 | 一般在末尾加’ | theteachers’room,thetwins’mother, | 不规则复数名词后加’s | thechildren’stoys,women’srights, | 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house | 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s | Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes | 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s | JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather | 表示"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略 | thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s | | | |
2.’s所有格的用法: 1 | 表示时间 | today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday | 2 | 表示自然现象 | theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches | 3 | 表示国家城市等地方的名词 | thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry | 4 | 表示工作体 | theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory | 5 | 表示度量衡及价值 | amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples | 6 | 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 | thelife’stime,theplay’splot | 7 | 某些固定词组 | abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措) | | | |
3.of所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents 用于名词化的词:thestruggleoftheoppressed 二.冠词 冠词分为不定冠词(a,an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。 I.不定冠词的用法: 1 | 指一类人或事,相当于akindof | Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. | 2 | 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 | Aboyiswaitingforyou. | 3 | 表示“每一”相当于every,one | Westudyeighthoursaday. | 4 | 表示“相同”相当于thesame | Wearenearlyofanage. | 5 | 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 | AMr.Smithcametovisityouwhenyouwereout ThatboyisratheraLeiFeng. 仁爱版英语 | 6 | 用于固定词组中 | Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime | 7 | 用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后 | Thisroomisratherabigone. | 8 | 用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后 | Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet. | | | |
II.定冠词的用法: 1 | 表示某一类人或物 | Thehorseisausefulanimal. | 2 | 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 | theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean | 3 | 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 | Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor? | 4 | 用于乐器前面 | playtheviolin,playtheguitar | 5 | 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 | thereach,theliving,thewounded | 6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” | theGreens,theWangs | 7 | 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 | Heisthetallerofthetwochildren. | 8 | 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川岛的名词前 | theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench | 9 | 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 | ThecompasswasinventedinChina. | 10 | 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 | inthe1990’s | 11 | 用于表示单位的名词前 | Ihiredthecarbythehour. | 12 | 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 | Hepattedmeontheshoulder. | | | |
III.零冠词的用法: 1 | 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 | BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air | 2 | 名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制 | Iwantthisbook,notthatone./?Whosepurseisthis? | 3 | 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 | March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring | 4 | 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 | LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica. | 5 | 学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前 | Helikesplayingfootball/chess. | 6 | 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 | bytrain,byair,byland | 7 | 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 | husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight | 8 | 表示泛指的复数名词前 | Horsesareusefulanimals. | | | |
三.代词: I.代词可以分为以下七大类: 1 | 人称代词 | 主格 | I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they | 宾格 | me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them | 2 | 物主代词 | 形容词性 | my,your,his,her,its,our,their | 名词性 | mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs | 3 | 反身代词 | myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves | 4 | 指示代词 | this,that,these,those,such,some | 5 | 疑问代词 | who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever | 6 | 关系代词 | that,which,who,whom,whose,as | 7 | 不定代词 | one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle, | other/another,all/both,neither/either | | | | |
II.不定代词用法注意点: 1.one,some与any: 1)one可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为ones。some多用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句。 Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers. Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks. Ihavesomequestionstoask. 2)some可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Wouldyoulikesomebananas? Couldyougivemesomemoney? 3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时,some表示某个,any表示任何一个。 Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.???Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany. 4)some和数词连用表示“大约”,any可与比较级连用表示程度。 Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.???Doyoufeelanybettertoday? 2.each和every: each强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary. Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints. 3.none和no: no等于notany,作定语。none作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 Thereisnowaterinthebottle. Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None. Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties. 4.other和another: ?1)other泛指“另外的,别的”常与其他词连用,如:theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway, theother特指两者中的另外一个,复数为theothers。如: Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother. Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam. ?2)another指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如: Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one). Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers. Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball. 5.all和both,neither和either ?all表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither和none. ?AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish. ?Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher. 四.形容词和副词 I.形容词: 1.形容词的位置: 1)形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 1 | 修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时 | nobodyabsent,everythingpossible | 2 | 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 | thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible | 3 | alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置 | theonlypersonawake | 4 | 和空间、时间、单位连用时 | abridge50meterslong | 5 | 成对的形容词可以后置 | ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful | 6 | 形容词短语一般后置 | amandifficulttogetonwith | | | |
2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 | 数词 | 性状形容词 | 冠词前的形容词 | 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 | 序数词 | 基数词 | 性质 状态 | 大小 长短 形状 | 新旧 温度 | 颜 | 国籍 产地 | 材料 质地 | 名词 | all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | | | | | | | | | | | |
3)复合形容词的构成: 1 | 形容词+名词+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名词+形容词 | world-famous | 2 | 形容词+形容词 | dark-blue | 7 | 名词+现在分词 | peace-loving | 3 | 形容词+现在分词 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名词+过去分词 | snow-covered | 4 | 副词+现在分词 | hard-working | 9 | 数词+名词+ed | three-egged | 5 | 副词+过去分词 | newly-built | 10 | 数词+名词 | twenty-year | | | | | | |
II.副词 副词的分类: 1 | 时间副词 | soon,now,early,finally,once,recently | 5 | 频度副词 | always,often,frequently,seldom,never | 2 | 地点副词 | here,nearby,outside,upwards,above | 6 | 疑问副词 | how,where,when,why | 3 | 方式副词 | hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really | 7 | 连接副词 | how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile | 4 | 程度副词 | almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather | 8 | 关系副词 | when,where,why | | | | | | |
III.形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级,比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。 1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如:Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare. 2.可以修饰比较级的词有:much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。 3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如:Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake. 4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如:Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday. 5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours. 6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如:favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。 ???五.介词 I.介词分类: 1 | 简单介词 | about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on | 2 | 合成介词 | inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without | 3 | 短语介词 | accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto | 4 | 双重介词 | fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween | 5 | 分词转化成的介词 | considering(就而论),including | 6 | 形容词转化成的介词 | like,unlike,near,next,opposite | | | |
II.常用介词区别: 1 | 表示时间的in,on,at | at表示片刻的时间,in表示一段的时间,on总是与日子有关 | 2 | 表示时间的since,from | since指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用,from指从时间的某一点开始 | 3 | 表示时间的in,after | in指在一段时间之后,after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 | 4 | 表示地理位置的in,on,to | in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外 | 5 | 表示“在…上”的on,in | on只表示在某物的表面上,in表示占去某物一部分 | 6 | 表示“穿过”的through,across | through表示从内部通过,与in有关,across表示在表面上通过,与on有关 | 7 | 表示“关于”的about,on | about指涉及到,on指专门论述 | 8 | between与among的区别 | between表示在两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间 | 9 | besides与except的区别 | besides指“除了…还有再加上”,except指“除了,减去什么”,不放在句首 | 10 | 表示“用”的in,with | with表示具体的工具,in表示材料,方式,方法,度量,单位,语言,声音 | 11 | as与like的区别 | as意为“作为,以…地位或身份”,like为“象…一样”,指情形相似 | 12 | in与into区别 | in通常表示位置(静态),into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置 | | | |
六.动词 I.动词的时态: 1.动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: | 现在时 | 过去时 | 将来时 | 过去将来时 | 一般 | ask/asks | asked | shall/willask | should/wouldask | 进行 | am/is/areasking | was/wereasking | shall/willbeasking | should/wouldbeasking | 完成 | have/hasasked | hadasked | shall/willhaveasked | should/wouldhaveasked | 完成进行 | have/hasbeenasking | hadbeenasking | shall/willhavebeenasking | should/wouldhavebeenasking | | | | | |
2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别: 1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如: Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过,且了解这本书的内容) 2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如: Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。 Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。 4.一般将来时的表达方式: | 将来时 | 用法 | 例句 | 1 | will/shall+动词原形 | 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 | Mysisterwillbetennextyear. | 2 | begoingto+动词原形 | 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事 | It’sgoingtoclearup. We’regoingtohaveapartytonight. | 3 | be+doing进行时表示将来 | go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 | Heismovingtothesouth. AretheyleavingforEurope? | 4 | beaboutto+动词原形 | 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 | Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang. Themeetingisabouttoclose. | 5 | beto+动词原形 | 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 | We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon. | 6 | 一般现在时表示将来 | 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来 | Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock. Theplaneleavesattenthisevening. | | | | |
II.动词的被动语态: | 常用被动语态 | 构成 | | 常用被动语态 | 构成 | 1 | 一般现在时 | am/is/areasked | 6 | 过去进行时 | was/werebeingasked | 2 | 一般过去时 | was/wereasked | 7 | 现在完成时 | have/hasbeenasked | 3 | 一般将来时 | shall/willbeasked | 8 | 过去完成时 | hadbeenasked | 4 | 过去将来时 | should/wouldbeasked | 9 | 将来完成时 | will/wouldhavebeenasked | 5 | 现在进行时 | am/is/arebeingasked | 10 | 含有情态动词的 | can/must/maybeasked | 注意 事项 | 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be goingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如: Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates. Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl. | 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: Itisbelievedthat…???????????Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…??????????Itissaidthat… Itiswellknownthat…????????Itmustbepointedoutthat…?????????????Itissupposedthat… Itisreportedthat…???????????Itmustbeadmittedthat…???????????????Itishopedthat… | 下面主动形式常表示被动意义:如: Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.?????????Thebookisworthreadingtwice. Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.???????????Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell. Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold. | 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等 | | | | | | |
七.情态动词I.情态动词基本用法: 情态动词 | 用法 | 否定式 | 疑问式与简答 | can | 能力(体力,智力,技能) 允许或许可(口语中常用) 可能性(表猜测,用于否定句或疑问句中) | cannot/cannot/can’tdo | Can…do…? Yes,…can. No,…can’t. | could | couldn’tdo | may | 可以(问句中表示请求) 可能,或许(表推测) 祝愿(用于倒装句中) | maynotdo | May…do…?Yes,…may. No,…mustn’t/can’t. | might | mightnotdo | Might…do…?Yes,…might No,…mightnot. | must | 必须,应该(表主观要求) 肯定,想必(肯定句中表推测) | mustnot/mustn’tdo | Must…do…?Yes,…must. No,…needn’t/don’thaveto. | haveto | 只好,不得不(客观的必须,有时态人称变化) | don’thavetodo | Do…havetodo…? Yes,…do.?No,…don’t. | oughtto | 应当(表示义务责任,口语中多用should | oughtnotto/oughtn’ttodo | Ought…todo…? Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t. | shall | 将要,会 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 | shallnot/shan’tdo | Shall…do…? Yes,…shall.?No,…shan’t. | should | 应当,应该(表义务责任) 本该(含有责备意味) | shouldnot/shouldn’tdo | Should…do…? | will | 意愿,决心 请求,建议,用在问句中would比较委婉 | willnot/won’tdo | Will…do…? Yes,…will.?No,…won’t. | would | wouldnot/wouldn’tdo | dare | 敢(常用于否定句和疑问句中) | darenot/daren’tdo | Dare…do…? Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t. | need | 需要 必须(常用于否定句和疑问句中) | neednot/needn’tdo | Need…do…? Yes,…must.No,…needn’t. | usedto | 过去常常(现在已不再) | usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttodo didn’tusetodo | Used…todo…? Yes,…used.?No,…use(d)n’t. Did…usetodo…? Yes,…did.?No,…didn’t. | | | | |
II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测: 以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行;must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情;must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。 1.must“肯定,一定”语气强,只用于肯定句中。 HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere. 2.may和might“也许”,后者语气弱,更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。 Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask. 3.can和could“可能”,could表示可疑的可能性,不及can’t语气强,用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。 Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow. Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.(推测某事本来可能发生,但实际上没有发生) Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强,常用于疑问句和否定句中) III.情态动词注意点: 1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”,而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 2.usedto和would:?usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯,而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好,不涉及现在。 3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别: 两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为:needn’t/daren’tdo;Need/dare…do…? 做实义动词时可用于肯定句,否定句和疑问句。其形式为:need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo 八.非谓语动词 I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式 | 构成 | 特征和作用 | 时态和语态 | 否定式 | 复合结构 | 不定式 | todo tobedoing tohavedone | tobedone tohavebeendone | 在非谓语前加not | dosth. | 具有名词,副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 | 分词 | 现在分词 | doing havingdone | beingdone havingbeendone | | 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 | 过去分词 | done | | 动名词 | doing havingdone | beingdone havingbeendone | sb’sdoing | 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 | | | | | | | |
II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 | 常用动词 | 只接不定式做宾语的动词 | hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen | 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 | mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider | can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto | 两者都可以 | 意义基本相同 | begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) | need,want,require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式) | 意义相反 | stoptodo停止手中事,去做另一件事 stopdoing停止正在做的事 | 意义不同 | remember/forget/regrettodo(指动作尚未发生) remember/forget/regretdoing(指动作已经发生) | goontodo(接着做另外一件事) goondoing(接着做同一件事) | trytodo(设法,努力去做,尽力) trydoing(试试去做,看有何结果) | meantodo(打算做,企图做) meandoing(意识是,意味着) | can’thelptodo(不能帮忙做)can’thelpdoing(忍不住要做) | | | | |
III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: | 常见动词 | 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 | 例句 | 不定式 | ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage | 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 | Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes. | have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make | 现在分词 | notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel | 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行,尚未完成 | Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio. | 过去分词 | 动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 | Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged. | | | | |
IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别: | 区别 | 举例 | 不定式 | 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 | Ihavealotofpaperstotype. Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped. | 动名词 | 通常指被修饰词的用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 | Shallwegototheswimmingpool? | 现在分词 | 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 | theboilingwater/theboiledwater thedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountry thefallingleaves/thefallenleaves | 过去分词 | 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经完成 | | | |
V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: | | 区别 | 举例 | | 不定式 | 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作,做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 | Mydreamistobecomeateacher. Toobeythelawisimportant. (dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用) | | 动名词 | 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以用it做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 | Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain. Teachingismyjob. | 分词 | 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人…”之意,说明主,语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到…”之意,主语多是人。 | Thesituationisencouraging. Thebookiswellwritten. (常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式) | | | | |
九.定语从句 I.定语从句起了形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用,二是在从句中担当一个成分,并与先行词保持数的一致。 关系词 | 先行词 | 从句成分 | 例句 | 备注 | 关系代词 | who | 人 | 主语 | Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother? | whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that | whom | 人 | 宾语 | Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.. | whose | 人,物 | 定语 | Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory. Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate. | that | 人,物 | 主语,宾语 | Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch. | which | 物 | 主语,宾语 | Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10. Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible. | as | 人,物 | 主语,宾语 | Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus. ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday. | as做宾语一般不省略 | 关系副词 | when | 时间 | 时间状语 | Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere. | 可用onwhich | where | 地点 | 地点状语 | ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn. | 可用inwhich | why | 原因 | 原因状语 | Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer. | 可用forwhich | | | | | | |
II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别: 情况 | 用法说明 | 例句 | 只用that的情况 | 1.??先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。 2.??先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时 3.??先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4.??先行词既指人又指物时 5.??先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时 6.??句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时 | 1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows. 2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout. 3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread. 4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered. 5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee. 6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech? | 只用which,who,whom的情况 | 1.??在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人 2.??在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。 3.??先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。 | Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy. Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking. Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers. | | | |
III.as与which的区别: 定语从句 | 区别 | 例句 | 限制性定语从句中 | 名词前有such和thesame修饰时,关系代词用as,不能用which | Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand. | 非限制性定语从句中 | as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如,象”的含义,并可以放在主句前,也可以放在后面,那么用as;而which引导的从句只能放主句后,并无“正如”的意思。 | Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected. Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected. Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s. | | | |
IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别: 类别 | 语法意义及特征 | 例句 | 限制性定语从句 | 对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。 | TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft. | 非限制性定语从句 | 对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 | Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago. | | | |
十.名词性从句 种类 | 作用 | 常用关联词 | 例句 | 主语从句 | 在复合句中做主语,相当于名词,一般置谓语之前,也可用it作形式主语,主语从句放主句之后 | that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever | Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch. Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome. | 表语从句 | 在复合句中做表语,相当于名词,位于系动词之后 | Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow. | 宾语从句 | 在复合句中做宾语,相当于名词 | Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame. | 同位语从句 | 放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容 | Youhavenoideahowworriedweare. Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus. | | | | |
十一。状语从句 种类 | 连接词 | 注意点 | 时间状语 | when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly | 主句表示将来意义时,从句须用一般现在时;while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的;until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的,而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 | 地点状语 | where,wherever | | 原因状语 | because,as,since,nowthat | because语气最强,since较弱,表示大家都明了的原因,as又次之。 | 条件状语 | if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat | 从句中动词时态不可用将来时,常用一般时代替 | 目的状语 | sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat | sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词 | 结果状语 | so…that,such…that | | 比较状语 | than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore | | 方式状语 | asif,asthough,as | asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 | 让步状语 | though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,whenever | as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式;although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用 | | | |
十二。倒装句 种类 | 倒装条件 | 例句 | 完全倒装 | here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调 | Outrushedthechildren. | 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 | Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs. | 强调表语,置于句首,或为保持句子平衡 | Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students. | 部分倒装 | never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 | HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened. | only和修饰的状语放于句首 | OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish. | notonly…butalso连接并列的句子,前倒后不倒 | NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit. | neither…nor…连接并列的句子,前后都倒装 | NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit. | so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 | Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday. | as引导的让步状语 | Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot. | so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 | Hecanplaythepiano.Socani. | 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 | Mayyoubeingoodhealth! | 省略if的虚拟条件 | WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway. | | | |
十三。虚拟语气 类别 | 用法 | 例句 | If引导的条件从句 | 与现在事实相反 | 从句动词:过去式(be用were) 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 | Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus. | 与过去事实相反 | 从句动词:had+过去分词 主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 | IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou. | 与将来事实相反 | 从句动词:过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 | Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping. | 其它状语从句 | asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 | Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears. | inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形 | Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly. | 宾语从句 | demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形 | Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind. | wish后的从句中分别用过去式,过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在,过去和将来情况相反 | IwishIcouldbeapopsinger. | 主语从句 | 在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中,谓语动词用should+动词原形 | Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends. | 其它句型中 | Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 | It’shightimethatweleft. | wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 | Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow. | Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望 | Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue! | | | | |
十四。重要句型 1.?Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask. 2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain. 3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake. 4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand. 5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth! 6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome! 7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes. 8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience. 9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead. 10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher. 11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists. 12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud. 13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted. 14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics. 15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields! 16.?Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom. 17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory. 18.Theregoesthebell. 19.?Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere. 20.Itisnousecryingforhelp. 21.?IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool! 22.?Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain. 23.?OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis. 24.?“Heworksparticularlyhard.”?“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.” 25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother. 26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements. ??十五。动词搭配 1.addto增加,增进 ?add…to把…加进… ?addup相加 ?addupto总计,所有这一切说明 ?1)Idon'tthinkthesefactswill________anything. ?2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary. ?3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm. ?4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________. ?(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up) 2.breakawayfrom打破,脱离,挣脱,改掉 ?breakdown出毛病,身体(精神)衰弱,分解,拆开 ?breakoff暂停,中断 ?breakin强行进入,插话 ?breakinto闯入 breakintopieces成为碎片 ?breakout爆发 ?breakup捣碎,驱散,瓦解,学期结束,拆散 ?breakthrough突破 ?1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_______?______thepoliceandranintothewoods. ?2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried. ?3)Don'tbreak________whileothersarespeaking. ?4)Whydon'tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee? ?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________? ?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen. ?(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up) 3.bringup抚养,呕吐,提出 ?bringabout造成 ?bringout拿出,出版 ?bringin引入,引进,挣钱 ?bringback使回想起 ?bringdown使下降,使倒下 ?1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars. ?2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish. ?3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays. ?4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding? ?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan. ?6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting. ?7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight. ?8)Nextmonththeywill?bring________aneweditionof?thebook. (down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out) 4.callon号召,拜访(某人) callat拜访、参观(某地) callfor去叫某人,要求,需要 callup使回忆起,征召入伍 callin召集,请某人来 callout大喊,高叫 calloff取消,不举行 1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar. 2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight. 3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou. 4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer. 5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain. (in,for,at,out,off) 5eabout发生,出现 comedown下跌,落,降,传下来 comein进来 comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect) comeon来临/快点 comeout出版,结果是 comealong一道来,赶快 cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒,合计,总共是 comeover走过来 comeup发芽,走近 comeacross偶然碰到 comeback回想起 comefrom来自,源自 1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth. 2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap. 3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore. 4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate. 5)Hecame__________melikeatiger. 6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear. 7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago. 8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob. 9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars. 10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven'tcome__________yet. (for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up) 6.cutacross抄近路 cutdown砍倒,削减 cutoff切断,割掉,断绝关系 cutup连根拔除,切碎 through剪断,凿穿 cutout删(省)掉,戒掉 cutin插嘴 1)Don'tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer. 2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness. 3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor(旷野)tothevillage. 4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces. 5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill. 6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________. (down,down,across,up,off,in) 7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于(疾病,饥饿,寒冷,情感原因) diefrom死于(意外事故、情形) dieaway渐渐消逝 dieout绝种 diedown(炉火)渐熄 dieoff逐一死去 8.fallbehind落后 falloverone'sfeet跌跤 falldown掉下,跌倒 fallback撤退,后退 1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk. 2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers. 3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage. 4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken. (down,behind,back,over) 9.goinfor从事,喜爱,参加 gothrough通过,经受 goover复习,检查 goup(价格)上涨,建造起来 goafter追捕,追赶 goagainst违反 goahead先行,开始吧,问吧,说吧 goaway离开 goby时间过去 godown下沉,降低,(日、月)西沉 goon(with)继续进行 gowith相配,陪同 gowithout没有,缺少 goout外出,熄灭 goallout全力以赴 gooff爆炸,进行,变坏,断电,停止供应 gobackon背约,食言 gobeyond超出 1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears. 2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently. 3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet. 4)Let'scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______. 5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople, 6)Ican'tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty. 7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination. 8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople. 9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision. 10)Thistiedoesn'tgo___________myblueshirt. 11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______. 12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball. (up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor) 10.getdown下来,记下,使沮丧 getdownto致力于,专心于 geton进展,进步,穿上,上车 getoff脱下,下车 getin收集,插(话) getaway逃跑,逃脱,去休假 getover忘记,越过,克服,从疾病中恢复 getalongwith进展,相处 getup起床 getthrough打通电话,完成,通过 getround消息传开 getclosetosth.接近,几乎 getinto(trouble) getto(know) getback取回,收回 getout 1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn'tget____whathesaid. 2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties. 3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit. 4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I'llgotothecinema. 5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness. 6)Don'talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking. 7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience. (down,over,round,through,down,in,over) 11.giveaway赠送,泄露,出卖 giveout发出,疲劳,分发,公布 giveoff发出(光、热、气体) givein(tosb.)屈服 giveup放弃,让(座位) 1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________. 2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell. 3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners. 4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies. 5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________? 6)Don'tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________. 7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________. (away,off,out,up,out,away,out) 12.handin交上,提交 handout分发 handdown流传,遗传 13.hangabout闲逛 hangup挂电话 14.holdback阻止,隐瞒 holdup举起,使停顿 holdon别挂电话,等,坚持 holdout持续,坚持,伸出 holddown控制,镇压 1)I'msureheisholdingsomething_________. 2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried. 3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I'llcomesoon. 4)Ourfoodsupplywon'thold_________formorethanafewdays. 5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods. 6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity'spopulation. 7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please. (back,back,on,out,up,down,up) 15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持, keepupwith跟上 keepoff(grass)不接近,离开 keepawayfrom避开,不接近,离…远远的 keepoutof keepto(rules,promise)坚持,遵守 keepon继续,坚持下来 keepback阻止,留下,隐瞒,扣下 keepfrom克制,阻止 1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher. 2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords. 3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears. 4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone. 5)"Don'ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!" 6)Keep_________untilyousucceed. 7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou'llsucceedintheend. 8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________. 9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame. 10)Ican'tkeep________witheverythingyou'redoing. (away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up) 16.knockat/on敲 knockinto撞到某人身上 knockdown撞倒 knockoutof把…敲出 knockover撞倒 knockoff停止工作,休息 1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________. 2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday. 3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors. 4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere. (down,off,on,into) 17.leavefor离开前往 leaveout删去,遗漏 leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走 leaveto留给,遗嘱赠于 leaveover遗留,剩下,延期 1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher. 2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece. 3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________. 4)Don'tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow. 5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow. 6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory. (out,to,behind,over,over,over) 18.lookup查,向上看 lookthrough翻阅,浏览 lookon旁观 lookon…as看作 lookinto调查 lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻 lookout(for)当心 lookabout/around/round四下查看 lookdownupon瞧不起 lookbackupon回忆,回顾 lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人 lookabintheface/eyes直视某人 1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents'papers. 2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront. 3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim. 4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth. 5)Shewassosnobbish(势利)thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours. 6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible. 7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing. (through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round) 19.makeup编造,配制,打扮,组成 makeupfor弥补 makeinto/of/from制成 makeout弄懂,发现,看出,填写,开列(清单) makefor走向,驶往,促使 1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit? 2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London? 3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera. 4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________for thedamagehehaddone. 5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve. 6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan'tmake___________whoitis. (into,for,out,up/up,up,out) 20.passaway去世 passby经过 passdown(on)…to传给 passthrough经历 passover漠视,忽视 1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather'sgrandfather. 2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace. 3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes. 4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport. (down,away,through,over) 21.payback还钱,报复 payfor付钱,为…受到惩罚,因…得到报应 payoff还清 1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary? 2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme. 3)I'llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme. 4)Someday,you'llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday. 5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet? (for,back,back,for,off) 22.pickup拾起,获得(information),接人,站起,收听,自然习得(language /knowledge),恢复重获(pickuphealth) pickout挑选,辨认,看出 1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue. 2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00. 3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks. 4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes. 5)Ican'tpickJohn___________inthecrowd. 6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio? 7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly. (up,up,up,out,out,up,up) pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词 23.putup搭起,张贴,举起,安装,投宿,安排住下 putupwith忍受 putout伸出,扑灭 putoff推迟 putinto放进,翻译 putaway放好,存钱 putdown记下,平息 puton穿戴,上映,增加(putonweight/speed) putforward提出,提前 putthrough接通电话 putaside放到一边 putback放回 1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek. 2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt(). 3)Putyourwatch__________.It'sslow. 4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake. 5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension(分机)2. 6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn. 7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.(摆架子) 8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice. 9)Ican'tput__________withyourlaziness. (away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up) 24.pulldown拆掉,推翻 pullon匆匆穿上/off脱 pullin进站 pullout取出,(火车)离站 pulldown往下拉,拆毁 pullover驶到一边 pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境 pullup(使)停住 1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance. 2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt. 3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn. 4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________. 5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights. (out,down,over,through,up) 25.pushover推倒,刮倒 pushahead(on,forward)继续前进,坚持下去 pushthrough排除困难办好谋事,努力设法通过,挤过 1)We'vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad 2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane. 3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost.. 4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________. 5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus. (on,over,through,over,through) 26.runacross偶然碰到 runafter追逐,追捕 runaway逃跑 runfor竞选 runinto偶然碰到(困难)遇见(人),相撞 runoutof用完 1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you'llrun_________someonesomeday. 2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition. 3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles? 4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure? 5)Hedidn'twanttorun___________presidentthatyear. 6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties. (into,across/into,out,after,for,into) 27.seeoff送行 seethrough看透,识破 seeto照料,照管 28.sendfor派人去请 sendoff送行 sendout发出(光亮)等 sendup发射 29.setup建立 setoff出发,触发,引起 setout动身,着手(todo),陈述 setabout开始着手(doing) settowork(n.)开始做 setback拨回,使推迟 1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes. 2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang. 3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe'vebeentravellingeversincethen. 4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink. 5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport? 6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim. 7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.(抗议) (back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off) 30.takeoff脱掉,起飞 takeon呈现雇佣 takeaway拿走 takein吸收,领会 takeup从事,占用(时间空间) takedown记录,取下 takeback收回 takefor误认为 takealong随身带 takeover接管 takeout 1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty. 2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems. 3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor. 4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught. 5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather'sbusiness. 6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime. 7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany. (back,down,for,in,over,up,on) takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职 31.thinkof想起 thinkof…as把…看作 thinkout想出 thinkup想出 thinkabout考虑 thinkover仔细考虑 thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好 32.turnoff/on打开 turnover翻身,反复考虑,翻(书页),翻转 turnout证明为,结果,制造成品 turnto转向,求助 turndown调低,拒绝 turnagainst变得敌视,反对 turnaway打发走,驱逐,转过脸去 turnback返回,转回去 turnround转过身来 turnup向上翻,露面,出现,音量调大 turnin上缴 turnupsidedown把倒置,弄得乱七八糟 1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort. 2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface. 3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution. 4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess. 5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______. 6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________. 7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth. 8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse. 9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow. 10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby. 11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear. (to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out) |
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